Anatomy of The CVS Flashcards by Becca M

What is the cardiovascular system?

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Where is the heart placed?

Middle mediastinum

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What is a portal system?

_{Capillary - vain - capillary}

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What is the base of the heart?

The left atrium

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What is the right border foromed from?

The right atrium

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What is the sternal surface formed from?

The right ventricle

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What is the name of the great vessels from left to right?

Superior vena cava, ascending aorta, pulmonary trunk?

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What are the veins of the base?

Pulmonary veins

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What is the vein that cardiac vein drains into before reaching the right atrium?

Coronary vein

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Define mediastinum

= Area of thoracic cavity between pleural sacs (around lungs)

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What is contained within the superior mediastinum?

Above T4, inferior is below T4

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Where is the anterior mediastinum, middle mediastinum, posterior mediastinum?

Anterior - front of the heart

Middle - heart

Posterior - behind the heart

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When does the thymus invilute?

Puberty or before puberty, proliferation in later life invades the lungs - asymptomatic, doctor performs thymectomy to cure.

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Where is the apex of the heart?

•Apex - 5th left intercostal space in the midclavicular line (some references say 4th) - This is lying down

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What does surface anatomy of the heart refer to?

Surface of the body, not the heart

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Where is the apex of the heart in children?

•Higher in children and lies more horizontal

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What is the name given to the inversion of organs? Situs invertus

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What is anterior to the heart?

Ant. * Sternum & l. costal cartilages 4-7

* Ant. edges lungs and pleurae

* Thymic remnants

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What is posterior to the heart?

Post. * Oesophagus

* Descending aorta

* Thoracic vertebrae 5-8

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What is lateral to the heart?

Lungs and the phrenic nerves (also supply the pericardium as well as the diaphragm).

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What is inferior to the heart?

Central tendon of the heart

What is the endocardium?

Innermost surface of the heart - simple squamous epithelial cells

What forms the middle surface of the heart?

•Myocardium (middle)

–Muscle

What is the epicardium?

•Epicardium (outermost)

–Connective tissue + *BM + Epithelium

*(BM = Basement Membrane)

Epithelium of the epicardium is the?

Visceral pericardium

What separates the parietal from the visceral pericardium?

Pericardial cavity

What is the function of the fibrous layer?

Stops the ballooning of the parietal pericardium?

How does the endocardium form the valves of the heart?

Forms projections which enter the lumen

How would you describe the myocardium?

* Thick middle layer of heart wall * Cardiac muscle (Myocytes) * Striated muscle, lots of mitochondria * Rich capillary bed * Muscle bundles in different planes to close down chamber lumen * Myocytes connected by intercalated discs

Why is the myocardium described as a functional syncitium?

Cells functinon as a unit

What is the function of desmosomes?

–Connect at horizontal interface –Bind myocytes together

What is the purpose of gap junctions?

Connect at the vertical interface Electrical communication Essential to co-ordinated cardiac cycle

What are intercalated disks made from?

Desmosomes and gap junctions

What is the outer layer of the heart called?

The epicardium

What is the epicardium made from?

Connective tissue, basement membrane and simple squamous epithelium

What is the epithelium of the epicardium referred to as?

It is also the visceral layer of the serous pericardium

What is the purpose of blood valves?

Control direction of blood flow

Where are the cusps derived from?

The endocardium

Do valves work actively or passively?

Passively

How is valve failure prevented?

Chordae tendinae and pipillary muscle prevent inversion

What is meant by incompetence and stenosis of heart valves?

Incompetence - widening Stenosis - narrowing

Where do you find the mitral and the tricuspid valces?

Mitral = Left atriventricular valve Tricuspid = right atrioventricular valve

What is the result of the failure of the valves to close tightly?

Back flow of blood into the left ventricle

What is the cardiac skeleton comprised of?

Connective tissue

What is the purpose of the cardiac skeleton?

Structural suport (atrioventricular septum) Electrical insulation (separates atria from ventricles, separates myocardium from great vessels

What are the two main coronary arteries?

Left and right

Describe the relationship between the cusps of the heart and the aortic sinuses

Systole - Sinuses sheilded by cusps Diastole (relaxation) - aortic valves become closed due to elastic recoil of the aorta and so blood enters capillaries

What holds the heart in place?

Hangs by great vessels within fibrous pericardium Pericardium is essentially a bag of fibrous tissue Attatchments of the heart - central tendon of diaphragm, sternum and roots of great vessels Lined by serous pericardium

What does the serous pericardium secrete?

Pericardial fluid - lubricant

What are the attachments of the viseceral and parietal layer of the serous pericardium?

Visceral - epicardium Perietal - fibrous pericardium