Pathology of Lung cancer

Question 1

what are pro-carcinogens

Answer 1

a chemical substance that becomes carcinogenic only after it is altered by metabolic process

Question 2

define Adenocarcinoma

Answer 2

most common type of primary lung cancer. Develops from the mucus making cells in the lining of the airways, usually found in the outer areas of the lung

Question 3

define squamous cell carcinoma

Answer 3

linked strongly with smoking
non small cell lung cancer
tend to be slow growing and found earlier due to their location

Question 4

what does the term oncogene addiction mean

Answer 4

oncogene addiction is a key driver mutation, generated by a particular mutation in the gene that has the strongest influence in causing the tumor to grow

Question 5

define lymphoma

Answer 5

cancer of the lymphatic system, a tumor forms in one or more groups of lymph nodes

Question 6

define adenoid cystic carcinoma

Answer 6

uncommon form of malignant neoplasm that arises within the secretory glands of the head and neck including the trachea

Question 7

define mucoepidermoid carcinoma

Answer 7

tumor that usually grows in the salivary glands

Question 8

define bronchial adenoma

Answer 8

term for a diverse group of respiratory tract neoplasms that arise beneath the bronchial epithelium or in the bronchial glands

Question 9

define sarcomas

Answer 9

rare cancers that develop in the muscle bone nerves cartilage tendons blood vessels fatty and fibrous tissues

Question 10

define Bronchieactasis

Answer 10

abnormal widening of the bronchi of their branches

Question 11

What nerves can lung cancer invade and effect

Answer 11

phrenic
brachial plexus
cervical sympathetic-Horner’s syndrome

Question 12

what is horners syndrome

Answer 12

interference of the nerves to the eye causes constricted pupil and drooping eye

Question 13

what is Lymphangitis carcinomatosa

Answer 13

is the term given to tumour spread through the lymphatics of thelung, and is most commonly seen secondary to adenocarcinoma.

Question 14

define Gynecomastia

Answer 14

enlargement of a mans breasts, usually due to hormone imbalance

Question 15

define Polyneuropathy

Answer 15

a general degeneration of peripheral nerves that spreads towards the centre of the body.

Question 16

define Encephalopathy

Answer 16

refers to abnormal brain function or structure

Question 17

define Myasthenia

Answer 17

a condition causing abnormal weakness of certain muscles

Question 18

define Acanthosis nigricans

Answer 18

Acanthosis nigricans isthe medical term fordarkened, thickened patches of skin that usually develop in the armpit and around the groin and neck

Question 19

define Dermatomyositis

Answer 19

inflammation of the skin and underlying muscle tissue, involving degeneration of collagen, discoloration, and swelling, typically occurring as an autoimmune condition or associated with internal cancer.

Question 20

define Thrombophlebitis

Answer 20

inflammation of the wall of a vein with associated thrombosis, often occurring in the legs during pregnancy.

Question 21

define Nephrotic syndrome

Answer 21

kidney disease, especially when characterized by oedema and the loss of protein from the plasma into the urine due to increased glomerular permeability (also callednephrotic syndrome).

Question 22

define hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy

Answer 22

causes inflammation of bones and joints in the wrists and ankles. Sometimes this shows up on bone scans or X-rays. Ankles and wrists can become swollen and inflamed, causing a lot of pain and difficulty with movement. another common symptom of HPOA is clubbing of the fingers

Question 23

what is pleural effusion

Answer 23

when excess fluid builds round the lungs

Question 24

what does Aneuploidy mean

Answer 24

presence of abnormal number of chromosomes in a cell, for example having 45 or 47 when 46 is expected in a human cell

Question 25

what are the local effects of lung cancer

Answer 25

bronchial obstruction e.g bronchiectasis pleural e.g inflammation direct invasion e.g chest wall invasion effecting nerves lymph node mtastases

Question 26

if lung cancer invades the chest wall and effects the phrenic nerve what can happen

Answer 26

diaphragm paralysis

Question 27

if lung cancer effects the L recurrent laryngeal nerve what may the patient present with

Answer 27

hoarse bovine cough

Question 28

if lung cancer effects the brachial nerve what symptom may the patient present with

Answer 28

Shoulder and arm pain

Question 29

what are the distant effects of lung cancer

Answer 29

possible distant metatases-liver adrenal bone brain skin secdary to local effects-neural vascular list of non metastatic effects (see slide)

Question 30

hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy is a non metastatic effect of lung cancer what does it result in

Answer 30

causes inflammtion of bones and joints in the wrists and ankles a common symptom of HPOA is clubbing

Question 31

what investigation can be done for lung cancer

Answer 31

``` Chest X-Ray Bronchoscopy Trans-thoracic Fine Needle Aspiration Trans-thoracic Core Biopsy imaging ```