Pathology of Biliary Tract and Pancreas Flashcards
what are gallstones (cholelithiasis)
hard stone-like or gravel-like material formed within biliary system
most common site for gallstones
gallbladder
contents of bile
micelles of cholesterol (hydrophobic)
phospholipid
bie salts (hydrophilic)
bilirubin
how is bile released
by CCK
where is bile released to
2nd part of duodenum through common bile duct and ampulla of vater
pathogenesis of cholesterol gallstones
imbalance between ratio of cholesterol to bile salts disrupting micelle formation - free crystallisation of cholesterol on micelle surface
risk factors for cholesterol gallstones
female
obesity
diabetes
genetics
pathogenesis of pigment gallstones
excess bilirubin cannot be solubilised in bile salts due to excess haemolysis
contributory factors of gallstones
gallbladder pH
mucosal glycoproteins
pathogenesis of gallstones
infection and inflammation of biliary lining
can be mixture of cholesterol and pigment or pure
calcium carbonate stones occur <10%
what is cholecystitis
inflammation of gallbladder - can be acute or chronic
what is acute cholecystitis
gallstones obstructing outflow of bile
initially sterile, then becomes infected
consequences of acute cholecystitis
intense adhesions (2-3 days)
empyema
rupture
peritonitis
pathology of acute cholecystitis
mixed gallstones embedded in pus
microscopy of acute cholecystitis
acute inflammation indicted by neutrophils
describe development of chronic cholecystitis
develops insidiously or after bouts of acute cholecystitis
associated with gallstones
pathology of chronic cholecystitis
mixed stones
gallbladder wall is thickened (not distended) due to fibrosis
microscopy of chronic cholecystitis
chronic inflammation
rokitansky-aschoff sinuses
what do stones in common bile duct cause
obstructive jaundice
describe adenocarcinoma of gallbladder
rare
associated with gallstones
invasion of adenocarcinoma of gallbladder
local invasion of liver
describe adenocarcinoma of bile ducts (cholangiocarcinoma)
rare
associated with ulcerative colitis and primary sclerosing cholangitis
presentation of cholangiocarcinoma
klatskin tumour
obstructive jaundice
microscopy of cholangiocarincoma
densely packed small glands in fibrous storm
what is pancreatitis
inflammation of pancreas
acute or chronic (can overlap)
epidemiology of acute pancreatitis
adults
symptoms/signs of acute pancreatitis
sudden onset severe abdominal pain
elevated serum amylase
aetiology of acute pancreatitis
alcohol cholelithiasis shock mumps hyperparathyroidism hypothermia trauma iatrogenic (post ERCP)
pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis
pancreatic duct epithelial injury
loss of protective barrier
release of lytic pancreatic enzymes and proteases and lipase
how is pancreatic duct epithelium injured in acute pancreatitis
bile reflux
duct obstruction die to stone damage to sphincter of Oddi
describe loss of protective barrier in acute pancreatitis
allows auto digestion of pancreatic acini
what do lipase cause in acute pancreatitis
intra- and peri-pancreatic fat necrosis
what do proteases cause in acute pancreatitis
tissue destruction and haemorrhage
complications of acute pancreatitis
pseudocyst death shock abscess hypocalcaemia hyperglycaemia
microscopy of pancreatitis
fat necrosis
development of chronic pancreatitis
relapsing disorder may develop insidiously or following bouts of acute pancreatitis
aetiology of chronic pancreatitis
alcohol cholelithiasis cystic fibrosis hyperparathyroidism familial
pathology of chronic pancreatitis
replacement of pancreas by chronic inflammation and fibrotic tissue
destruction of exocrine acini and islets
microscopy of chronic pancreatitis
exocrine pancreas is replaced by chronic inflammation and fibrosis
adenocarcinoma of pancreas associations
(aetiology unknown)
smoking
diabetes
familial pancreatitis
consequences of adenocarcinoma head of pancreas
constricts common bile duct
can invade duodenal wall
invasion of adenocarcinoma of pancreas
direct invasion - spleen, duodenum, stomach
spread to local lymph noes
haematogenous spread to liver
microscopy of adenocarcinoma of pancreas
irregular abortive glands in dense stroma