Pathology General Principles Flashcards
5 cardinal signs of inflammation
rubor/redness (histamine/vasodialation)
Pain
Heat (vascularity due to histamine)
Swelling (increased vascular permeability)
Loss of function
When tissue is damaged what are the cellular responses (5)
margination (WBCs move to the periphery of the blood vessel)
Cehmotaxis (Inflammatory chem compounds which attract WBCs)
Pavementation (WBCs sticking to the endothelium)
Emigration (passage of WBCs thru blood vessels)
Phagocytosis (ingestion of bad by macrophages)
What are the hemodynamic changes in tissue damage
-Initial transient vasoconstriction (
what is the signs of chronic inflammation
abscess
ulcer
fitsula
sinus (blind ending track connected to one epithelial surface
keloid
What are 3 things found in chronic inflammation areas
Epitheliod cells- activated macrophages
Langhans cells- giant cells (fused epitheliod cells)
Granulomatous change- specialized macrophages surrounded by a rim of activated lymphocytes
What tissue changes can go on with chronic inflammation
metaplasia (reversible change)
Dysplasia (disorderly but non neoplastic growth)
anaplasia (disogandized uncontrolled growth with lack of differentiation)
Neoplasia
what are the 5 types of necrosis (+where will they happen)
coagulative- infarctions in the heart
Liquefactive- infarctios in brain
caseous- in TB
Enzymatic- pancreatitis
fatty necrosis- liver damage
what are two types of degeneration and where are they seen
Zenkers- waxy hyaline seen in skeletal mm damage
Wallerian- dying back of nerve axons after injury to nerves
what are the nucleus changes that occur when a cell is injured
Pyknosis- reversible nuclear chromatin condensation or clumping
Karyorrhexis- irreversible chromatic fragmentation
Karylolysis- enzymatic breakdown of DNA after cell death
what is Brutons amgammaglobulinemia
X linked tyrosine kinase defect blocks B cell maturation (in boys)
What is DiGeorge syndrome
Thymic and parathyroid aplasia due to failure of 3rd/4th pharyngeal arch development
What is severe combined immune deficiency
X linked with defective B and T cell activation
What is Wiskott-aldrich syndrome
X linked with progressive depletion of B and T cells
What is Chediak-HIgaski syndrome
Autosomal recessive defect in phagocytosis
