Cardiovascular patho Flashcards
what is a cyanotic vs acyanotic heart issue
cyanotic- right to left shunt
acyanotic- left to right shunt (seen in VSD, ASD, PDA)
What is fallows tertralogy and what does it consist of (4)
Pulmonary stenosis
VSD
Right ventricular hypertrophy
overriding aorta
What causes an ASD
failure of osmium secundum to close
What causes VSD
defect in ventricular septum- mc defect
What is coartictation of the aorta
narrowing near arch of ligaments arteriosum
What is rheumatic fever due to and what are some key s/s
due to post strep infection
-characterized by aschoff bodies
-MacCallum patches found in left atrium
What organisms can endocarditis be caused by(3)
Inflammation of endocardium (affecting valves)
-strep Pyogenes, strep Viridans, Staph aureus
What causes subacute bacterial endocarditis
-inf of previously ddamaged valves
-sequel of rheumatic fever (s Viridands)
What is acute bacterial endocarditis due to
Inf of previously healthy valves
-seen in IV drug users (s Auerues)
What is Libman Sacks Endocarditis
Endocarditis of pulmonary and tricuspid valves seen in SLE
What does syphilitic aortitis causes (+ what is it caused by)
Affects arch of aorta
-treponema pallidum inf leading to aortic aneurysm, aortic stenosis and angina pectoris
What part of the blood vessel does arthelosclerosis affect
lipid/calcium deposits in tunica intima
What is the pathology of atherosclerosis
sub endothelial fatty streaks, fibrosis, atheroma and rupture with eventual occlusion of embolusformation
What is angina pectoris
reversible inadequately perfused myocardium and pain relieved by rest
What is prinzmental angina
angina that occurs at rest and is caused by coronary artery spasm
What is MI and how is it affected w rest
related to ischemic necrosis of myocardium due to blocked coronary artery (mainly left ant descending)
not relieved by rest
What chems are released in MI(3)
Troponin and creatine kinase-MB and Lactate dehydrogenase
What doe atherosclerotic aneurysm usually affect
abdominal aorta
what is dissecting aneurysm seen in
longitudinal intraluminal tearing of the ascending thoracic aorta seen in marinas and ehlers danlos and longstanding hypertension
Where will a syphilitis aneurysm be seen
arch of aorta
When will berry aneurysm happen, where, s.s
Congenital weaknesses that present in 3rd decade in ant part of circle of willis
-sudden headache, neck stiffness and LOC
When is it considered hypertension
BP >140/90 on 3 or more occasions
What is essential vs secondary hypertension
Essential (unknown origin)= fam hx, high salt, stress, obesity
Secondary- unilateral renal artery stenosis, hyperthyroidism, cushings etc
what is cor pulmonale and what is it due to
right heart failure due to COPD, pulmonary embolism
What is cardiac tamponade and what is it characterized by (Becks triad)
Heart is comprised due to excess fluid in pericardial sac
Becks Triad:
Hypotension
Heart sounds distant
High venous pressure
What is peripheral vascular disease caused by and s/s
Atherosclerotic narrowing of large vessels
-presents w intermittent claudication
-pain in calves on walking relieved by rest
What is deep vein thrombosis related to (3)
Viscosity increased clotting (BC pill related)
stasis (in veins from prolonged immobilization)
Damage to vessel wall due to trauma
-can present as painful swollen leg
What can a pulmonary embolism present as-s/s
Triad of SOB, pleuritic chest pain, hemoptysis
What is rayneuds phenom secondary to (3)
SLE
Atherosclerosis
Scleroderma
CREST
What is polyarteritis nodosa
Inflammation due to type III hyerpsensitivity reaction affecting medium sized arteries
That is thromboangitis obluterns (buergers disease)
Segmental inflammation of medium sized arteries and veins
=causes intermittent claudication and weakened distal pulses
=seen in male smokers between 20-40 years old
What is temporal arthritis and what is it related to
localized giant cell inflammation in small arteries
-Associated with raised ESR in elderly
What is Takayasus artehritis (+ what is it do to)
Due to inflammation of the aorta (possible autoimmune)
mc in asian females <40
present w absent pulses mainly in upper limbs
