Pathology and Blood

Question 1

Define Symptom, Sign, Diagnosis and Prognosis

Answer 1

Symptom - complaint reported by patient
Sign - evidence of disease observed by examining physician
Diagnosis - naming of disease to allow treatment
Prognosis - predicted course of disease

Question 2

Define Idiopathic and Iatrogenic

Answer 2

Idiopathic - unknown cause

Iatrogenic - caused by medical personnel, procedures or overexposure to healthcare environment

Question 3

Define Aetology, Pathogenesis, Morphological features and Complications

Answer 3

Aetology - cause of disease
Pathogenesis - Mechanism of cause
Morphlogical functions - effects of the mechanism
Complications - 2ndary effects of mechanism

Question 4

What is Hypertrophy?

Answer 4

Increase in the size of cells in a tissue

Question 5

What is hyperplasia?

Answer 5

Increase in the number of cells in a tissue

Question 6

What is Atrophy?

Answer 6

Decrease in the size of cells in a tissue

Question 7

What is Involution?

Answer 7

Decrease in the number of cells in a tissue

Question 8

What is metaplasia?

Answer 8

Change in cell type

Question 9

What is Neoplasia?

Answer 9

Permanent alteration of a normal cellular growth (tumours)

Question 10

What is blood made up of?

Answer 10

45% cells, 55% plasma

Question 11

What does albumin do?

Answer 11

Controls oncotic pressure, transports molecules in the blood, narker of inflammation

Question 12

What does Fibrinogen do?

Answer 12

Is a fibrni precursor and is converted into fibrin to form clots by thrombin

Question 13

What are the cellular components of blood?

Answer 13

98% RBCs
2% WBCs
Trace - platelets

Question 14

What is the average size of a RBC and how long is the verage lifespan?

Answer 14

6-7um in diameter, 120 days

Question 15

What are the 2 groups of WBCs?

Answer 15

Granulocytes and Mononuclear leukocytes

Question 16

What are the granulocytes and their functions?

Answer 16

Neutrophils - Phagocytosis of invading organisms
Basophils - Secretion of heparin and histamine
Eosinophils - Phagocytosis of parasites

Question 17

What are the mononuclear leukocytes and their functions?

Answer 17

Lymphocytes - Immune response

Monocyte - Phagocytosis (called macrophage in tissue)

Question 18

How are platelets formed and what is their lifespan?

Answer 18

Megakaryocyte is broken down into platelets. 8-10 days

Question 19

What are the 7 common blood tests?

Answer 19

Full blood count
Haemocrit
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate
Haemoglobin levels
Mean cell Haemoglobin (MCH)
Mean cell volume (MCV)
Mean cell haemoglobin concentration (MCHC)

Question 20

What does a full blood count do and what do abnormalities signify?

Answer 20

RBCs, WBCs and platelets are counted for monitoring liver function (amongst other things).
Low WBCs = Bone marrow failure
High WBCs = Leukaemia or infection

Question 21

What does Haemocrit test?

Answer 21

%RBC in blood
Normal = 45%
30% = anaemia
70% = Polycythaemia or dehydration

Question 22

What does MCH test for?

Answer 22

Average weight og haemoglobin/RBC
MCH increase = B12 deficiency, folic acid deficiency, haemolytic anaemia
MCH decrease = Iron deficiency, thalassemia

Question 23

What does MCV test for?

Answer 23

Average volume of Haemoglobin = 80-100fL
Microcytic = <80fL
Macrocytic = >100fL

Question 24

What does MCHC test for?

Answer 24

Average [Hb] in a specific volume.
Normochromic = 32-36 g/dl
Hypochromic = <32 g/dl
Hyperchromic = >36 g/dl