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Structure, function and defence > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

Define immunity

A

State of possessing sufficient biological defenses to provide protection from invading pathogens

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2
Q

What kind of diseases are caused by an overactive immune system?

A

Allergies and autoimmune diseases

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3
Q

What are the primary lymphoid tissues?

A

Bone marrow and thymus

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4
Q

What are the secondary lymphoid tissues?

A

Spleen, tonsils, lymph nodes

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5
Q

What is the structure and function of the spleen?

A

White pulp - Maturation of WBCs (B/T lymphocytes)
Red pulp - Breakdown of RBCs, rich in macrophages
Capsule

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6
Q

What are the GALTs?

A

Tonsils, adenoids, appendix, Peyer’s patches

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7
Q

What are the primary antigen presenting cells?

A

Dendritic cells

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8
Q

How does innate immunity function?

A

Recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) which trigger macrophages to phagocytose the microbe

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9
Q

How does adaptive immunity function?

A

Antigens specific to the pathogen are identified and bound by B-lymphocytes which causes maturation and antibody production. Antibodies bind to the antigens and enable macrophages to identify foreign molecules and engulf them

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10
Q

How does the complement system function in innate immunity?

A 
Opsonisation
Lysis of pathogens
Chemotaxis
Inflammation
Cell activation
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11
Q

How does the complement system function in adaptive immunity?

A

Augments the antibody response
Promotes T-cell response
Elimination of self-reactive B-cells
Enhancement of immunological memory

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12
Q

How does the complement system function in the disposal system?

A

Clearance of immune complexes and apoptotic cells

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13
Q

How does the complement system indicate infection?

A

Increased [C-proteins] in blood tests

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14
Q

Define Chemotaxis

A

Movement of an organism or cell towards a chemical stimulus

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15
Q

Define Extravasation and diapedesis

A

Extravasation - Forcing blood or lymph out of a vessel into surrounding tissue
Diapedesis - Neutrophils crossing between tissue and blood through the endothelium

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16
Q

What are the 3 branches of the complement system?

A

Classical pathway - Antibody binding
Lectin pathway - Mannose-binding lectin pathway
Alternative pathway - Pathogen surfaces

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17
Q

Which proteolytic enzymes are activated in the classical pathway?

A

C1, C2 and C4.

C4 causes the cleavage of C3

18
Q

Which proteolytic enzymes are activated in the mannose-binding lectin pathway?

A

MLB, MASP, C2 and C4.

C4 causes the cleavage of C3

19
Q

Which proteolytic enzymes are activated in the alternative pathway?

A

B and D.

D causes the cleavage of C3

20
Q

What happens once C3 is cleaved?

A

Coating of microbes leading to phagocytosis
Recruitment of inflammatory cells
Activation of C5, C6, C7, C8 and C9 leading to cell lysis via formation of the membrane attack complex

21
Q

What are the bodily physical defences of diseases?

A

Physical barriers - Skin, Mucous membranes, endothelial cells
Mechanical defences - Skin shedding, Mucouciliary escalator, Excretions, blinking
Microbiome

22
Q

What are the bodily chemical defences?

A 
Enzymes + chemicals in bodily fluids
Antimicrobial peptides
GI tract digestive enzymes
Plasma protein mediators
Cytokines
Inflammation-eliciting mediators
23
Q

What are the bodily cellular defences?

A

Granulocytes

Lymphocytes

24
Q

What are the main macrophage receptors expressed on its cell surface?

A 
Mannose receptor
Lipopolysaccharide receptor
CD11b/CD18 receptor
Scavenger receptor
Glucan receptor
25
Q

What do toll-like receptors (TLRs) do?

A

Recognise a vast array of PAMPs

26
Q

What are the types of antibody and how do they appear in the body?

A 
IgA - Dimer with J-chain linker
IgD - monomer
IgE - monomer
IgG - monomer
IgM - Pentamer
27
Q

What are the features of IgG?

A

Most common antibody
Found both intra and extra-vascularly
Facilitate phagocytosis of pathogens
Transferred from mother to foetus

28
Q

What are the features of IgA?

A

2nd most abundant antibody
Intravascular localisation
Present in breast milk, tears and saliva

29
Q

What are the features of IgM?

A

Activates the complement cascade

Is teh first antibody produced upon pathogen identification

30
Q

What are the features of IgD?

A

Function on lymphocyte surfaces

31
Q

What are the features of IgE?

A

Present on basophils and mast cell surfaces

Secreted in allergy response

32
Q

How is antibody variability achieved?

A

VDJ recombination

33
Q

What are the 2 types of T-cell and their functions?

A

T helper cell - stimulates B-cells to produce antibodies and induce phagocytosis by macrophages
T killer cells - to kill infected cells

34
Q

How to T-cells become activated?

A

They come into contact with an antigen-presenting cell and present peptide fragments (10-20AA) on their cell surface

35
Q

Which receptor is present on each T-cell?

A

CD4+ on T helper cells

CD8+ on T killer cells

36
Q

Which major histocompatibility complex (MHC) binds which T-cell?

A

Class 1 MHCs bind to CD8+ T-killer cells

Class 2 MHCs bind to CD4+ T-helper cells

37
Q

Where are MHC class 1 proteins found?

A

On almost every nucleated cell surface

38
Q

Where are MHC class 2 proteins found?

A

Antigen presenting cells (B-cells, dendritic cells)

39
Q

What happens when the CD4+ receptor is bound?

A

Cytokines are reeased which stimulates T-killer cell activation

40
Q

What are the 2 subtypes of T-helper cell and what do they secrete?

A

Th1 - gamma-interferon, IL-2

Th2 - IL-4, IL-5

41
Q

What do T-killer cells secrete?

A

IL-2 and gamma-interferon

42
Q

What are the other t-cell subtypes and their functions?

A

Suppressor T-cells - suppress the immune system function
Natural killer T-cells - Immunosurveillance cytotoxic cells
gamma-delta-T-cells - Embryonic T-cell population

Structure, function and defence (28 decks)

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