Cell + Tissue Structure Flashcards
What are the 4 types of tissue?
Nervous
Epithelial
Muscle
Connective
What are the subtypes of epithelial tissue?
Squamous - Flat/Thin, passage of substances
Cuboidal - Cube shaped, microvilli, secretion/absorption
Columnar - Columns, protect underlying tissue, secretion/absorption
How can epithelial tissue be arranged?
Simple - 1 cell layer
Stratified - multi-layered
Pseudostratified - simple columnar
Transtitional - changing shapes (stretching)
What is epithelial tissue used for?
Covering surfaces in the body. Serous membranes, protecting cavities, Mucous membranes, Thermoregulation
What are the subtypes of connective tissue?
Connective tissue proper - Loose (adipose) or Dense (ligaments/tendons or collagen)
Fluid connective tissue - Blood or lymph
Supporting connective tissue - Cartilage or bone
What are the subtypes of muscle tissue?
Skeletal - Voluntary control (mostly), moves skeleton
Smooth - Involuntary, Blood vessels or stomach/digestive tract
Cardiac - Involuntary, cardiomyocytes, rhythmic, hormones/neurotransmitters effect rhythm
Which part of a nerve cell carries the signal to the cell body and which away?
Dendrite = to Axon = away
What are the 4 shapes of neuron?
Unipolar, Multipolar, Bipolar, Pseudounipolar
How are nerves organised?
Axon, Myelin sheath, Endoneurium, Fasicle, Perineurium, Epineurium, Nerve
How is the heart organised?
Dense fibrous layer, Loose connective tissue + Epithelium (Parietal pericardium), Pericardial cavity, Epithelium + Looseconnective tissue (Visceral pericardium), Cardical muscle, Loose connective tissue + Endothelium (Endocardium)
What is the basement membrane composed of?
Type IV Collagen, Glycoproteins, glycosaminoglycans
What is Pemphigus vulgaris?
An autoimmune disease where antibodies destroy the desmosomes and the cells drift away from one another within the tissue
What is Bollous pemphigoid?
An autoimmune disease where antibodies destroy the hemidesmosomes and the tissue loses the anchoring to the epithelial layer
How are grow-down epithelial glands formed?
Epithelial cells grow down into the tissue, become specialised and remain in contact with the epithelial layer (exocrine). If connection is lost then the gland becomes endocrine
What are the methods of exocrine secretion?
Merocrine - standard vesicles
Apocrine - Portion of cell containing the substance is broken off
Holocrine - cell dies while producing the substance and releases it upon breakdown of cell wall
What are the shapes of exocrine glands?
Simple tubular - Intestinal glands
Simple coiled tubular - sweat glands
Simple branched tubular - Mucous glands of esophagus, tongue and duodenum
Simple Aveolar - Development stage (not found in adults)
Simple branched alveolar - Sebaceous glands (oil)
Compound tubular - Mucous glands of mouth, gastric glands, Bulbourethral glands (males), testes
Compound alveolar - Mammary glands
Compound tubuloalveolar - Salivary glands, Respiratory glands, Pancreas
What does ECM stand for? and what is it made up of?
Extracellular matrix. Fibres (collagen, elastin, fibronectins), substances secreted by different cell types
What is connective tissue made up of?
5% cells, 95% ECM
What do fibroblasts do?
Produce ECM
What do Myofibroblasts do?
Secrete ECM and contract (sometimes)
Chondrocytes and osteoblasts secrete what?
Collagen for bones and cartilage
What is the function of elastin?
To hold the collagen fibres in place with its elasticity
How is the GI tract organised?
Lumen, Mucosa, Epithelium, Basement membrane, Lamina Propria, Muscularis mucosa, submucosa, Inner circular muscle, outer longitudinal muscle
