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Structure, function and defence > Antibiotics > Flashcards

Antibiotics Flashcards

1
Q

What is selective toxicity?

A

Ability of the drug to target the invader and not the host

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2
Q

Define Bactericidal

A

Drug which kills the bacteria

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3
Q

Define Antibacterial

A

Drug which kills or inhibits the growth of bacteria

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4
Q

Define minimum [bactericidal]

A

Lowest [drug] to kill bacteria

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5
Q

Define minimum [inihbitory]

A

lowest [drug] to inhibit growth of bacteria

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6
Q

Define bacteriostatic

A

drug which prevents growth of bacteria

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7
Q

Define Empirical treatment

A

antibiotic therapy used before a specific bacteria has been identified

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8
Q

How are antibacterials selected?

A 
What is the pathogen?
Bacteriostatic or bactericidal?
Pharmacokinetics?
Dose?
Route of admin?
Contraindications?
Allergies?
Side effects?
Need for monitoring?
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9
Q

What are the mechanisms of action of antibacterials?

A

Selective toxicity

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10
Q

How do cell wall targetting antibiotics work?

A

Inhibit the 2 enzymes which catalyse the formation of the cell wall (transglycosylase and transpeptidase). Transglycosylase likes the glycan portion of the cell wall together and transpeptidase the peptide portion

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11
Q

Which group of drugs target the cell wall synthesis?

A

Beta-Lactams - inhibit transpeptidase function competitively by mimicing AA structure
Vancomycin - inhibits transpeptidase by covering the peptide chain

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12
Q

What are the 4 beta-lactam classes?

A

Penicillins, Carbapenems, Cephalosporins, Monobactams

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13
Q

How do polymyxins work?

A

They disrupt the cell membrane and cause lysis. Not very selective

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14
Q

How do protein synthesis inhibitors work?

A

Chloraphenicol - binds to 50S portion and inhibits formation of peptide bond
Erythromycin - Binds to 50S portion and prevents translocation along mRNA
Tetracyclines - interfere with attchment of tRNA to mRNA
Streptomycin - Changes shape of 30S portion causing mRNA misreads

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15
Q

How do folate inhibitors work?

A

Sulfonamides target the enzyme which catalyses PABA to Folate

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16
Q

How do antibacterials affect DNA/RNA formation?

A

Quinolones - inihibit topoisomerases which prevents supercoiling
Nitroimidazoles - Causes DNA fragmentation
Nitrofurantoin - Causes DNA and RNA fragmentation
Rifampicin - inhibits DNA-dependant RNA polymerase (prevents mRNA synthesis)

17
Q

What are the mechanisms of antibiotic resistance?

A

Efflux pump - removes the drug from the bacterial cell
Alteration of enzyme pathways
Alteration of drug binding site
Production of enzyme which inactivates the drug

18
Q

Class, mechanism of action, selective toxicity, functions and limitations of Benzyl penicillin

A 
Beta-lactam - penicillin
Competitive inhibition of transpeptidase
Targets cell wall of bacteria
Throat infections, Pneumonia, Cellulitis
Side effects - Diarrhoea, nausea, vomiting
19
Q

Class, mechanism of action, selective toxicity, functions and limitations of flucloxacillin

A 
Beta-lactam - penicillin
Competitive inihibition of transpeptidase
Targets cell wall of bacteria
Pneumonia, chest infections
Nausea, vomiting, indigestion
20
Q

Class, mechanism of action, selective toxicity, functions and limitations of amoxicillin

A 
Beta-lactam - penicillin
Competitive inihibition of transpeptidase
Targets cell wall of bacteria
Chest infections, dental abscesses, UTIs
Diarrhoea, nausea
21
Q

Class, mechanism of action, selective toxicity, functions and limitations of co-amoxiclav

A

Beta-lactam - penicillin
Competitive inihibition of transpeptidase
Targets cell wall of bacteria
Middle ear infections, Respiratory tract infections, UTIs, Joint and bone infections, Dental infections
Diarrhoea, itching/redness of mouth, armpits, genitals, nausea/vomiting

22
Q

Class, mechanism of action, selective toxicity, functions and limitations of ceftriaxone

A

Beta-lactam - Cephalosporin
Competitive inihibition of transpeptidase
Targets cell wall of bacteria
Pneumonia, UTI, intra-abdominal infections
Diarrhoea, dizziness, abdominal pain

23
Q

Class, mechanism of action, selective toxicity, functions and limitations of ceftazidime

A 
Beta-lactam - Cephalosporin
Competitive inihibition of transpeptidase
Targets cell wall of bacteria
Septicaemia, pneumonia, meningitis
Abdominal pain, diarrhoea, dizziness
24
Q

Class, mechanism of action, selective toxicity, functions and limitations of erythromycin

A

Macrolide
Binds to 50S portion and prevents translocation along mRNA
Targets bacterial ribosomal function
Chest infections, skin problems (acne), STIs
Nausea, vomiting, stomach cramps, loss of appetite, indigestion

25
Q

Class, mechanism of action, selective toxicity, functions and limitations of ciprofloxacin

A

Fluoroquinolones
Inhibits DNA replication by binding to DNA topoisomerase
Bacterial DNA
Pneumonia, Gonorrhoea, typhoid fever
Tendon damage (tendonitis), nausea, diarrhoea

26
Q

Class, mechanism of action, selective toxicity, functions and limitations of doxycycline

A 
Tetracycline
Interferes with tRNA/mRNA attachment
Bacterial ribosome
Malaria, chest infections, STIs
Headaches, nausea/vomiting, sensitive to sunlight
27
Q

Class, mechanism of action, selective toxicity, functions and limitations of trimethoprim

A 
Sulfonamides
Prevents folic acid synthesis
PABA to Folate does not occur in humans
UTIs, Acne, chest infections
Nausea, diarrhoea, headaches
28
Q

Class, mechanism of action, selective toxicity, functions and limitations of metronidazole

A

Nitroimidazole
DNA fragmentation
Targets Bacterial DNA
Skin infections, Bacterial vaginosis, pelvic inflammatory disease

29
Q

Class, mechanism of action, selective toxicity, functions and limitations of meropenem

A 
Beta-lactam - carbapenem
Competitive inhibition of transpeptidase
Cell wall synthesis
Meningitis, pneumonia, anthrax
Diarrhoea, abdominal pain, headache
30
Q

Class, mechanism of action, selective toxicity, functions and limitations of Clarithromycin

A

Macrolide
Binds to 50S portion and prevents translocation along mRNA
Targets bacterial ribosomal function
Chest infection, stomach ulcers, cellulitis

31
Q

Class, mechanism of action, selective toxicity, functions and limitations of gentamicin

A

Aminoglycoside
Binds to 30S region of ribosome and causes misreading of bacterial proteins
Bacterial ribosomes
Meningitis, pneumonia, UTIs

32
Q

Class, mechanism of action, selective toxicity, functions and limitations of vancomycin

A 
Glycopeptide
Prevents Ala-Ala elongation of peptides
Bacterial ribosome
Colitis, Diarrhoea, Intestinal infections
Dizziness, nausea

Structure, function and defence (28 decks)

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