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FCP > Pathology > Flashcards

Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up your morphological diagnosis?

A

organ, severity + timing( acute, subacute, chronic ) + distribution + process ( infection or disease)

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2
Q

Causes of cell injury

A

-oxygen deprivation
-mechanical
-chemical agents
-infection
-immunological
-genetics
nutritional

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3
Q

Name some reversible cell injury ( degeneration )

A

-cellular swelling
-fatty change
due to depletion of ATP

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4
Q

Name irreversible cell injury

A

-necrosis
-apoptosis

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5
Q

How tell difference between apoptosis and necrosic cell injury ?

A

-necrotic - pathological always and cell membranes damaged and inflammation
-apoptosis - patho or physiological , cell membrane intact , no inflammation

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6
Q

What changes would you see in necrotic cell injury ?
microscopic and macroscopic

A

-microscopically - lots of eosinophills , pyknosis ( chromatin condense ) , karyolysis ( nuclear fading , karyorrhexis ( fragmented nucleus)

-macroscopic
- coagulative ( ischaemia ,cut off blood supply ) -liquefactive ( tissue into liquid viscous mass) -gangrenous (ischaemia and infection )
-caseous ( cheese like)
-fat necrosis (occurs in fat )

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7
Q

infarction

A

cell death due to poor blood supply

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8
Q

What morphological changes do you see in apoptosis ?

A

-cell shrink
-apoptotic bodies

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9
Q

TRUE/FALSE sometimes cells adapt in response to stress to prevent cell injury

A

true

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10
Q

Name types of adaptions cells can undergo under stress to prevent injury .

A

-hypertrophy -increase in size - bigger swollen
-hyperplasia - increase in number
-atrophy - shrink
-metaplasia - replaced by another cell type ( step on way to neoplasia)

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11
Q

labile cells

A

routinely proliferate

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12
Q

Causes of hypertrophy

A

-increased functional demand
-stim hormones
-growth factors
*same causes for hyperplasia

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13
Q

When does atrophy occur pathologically ?

A

-decreased workload
-loss of innervation
-diminished blood supply

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14
Q

How is metaplasia caused ?

A

-chronic irritation
-deficiencies
-trauma
-oestrogen toxicity

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15
Q

What does neoplasia mean?

A

abnormal new growth of cells

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16
Q

What anticoagulant tube do we use for blood ?

A

EDTA
serum/plasma

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17
Q

How does haemolysis effect lab sample ?

A
  • increase value of compounds/enzymes found in rbc
    -interfers if do test with colorimetry or chemical interactions
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18
Q

How does lipaemia effect lab results ?

A

-effects colorimetry
-less aqueous

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19
Q

Name and briefly describe what abnormalities you looking for in white blood cells in a blood smear .

A

neutrophills
-left shift - band
-right shift - hyper mature ( hypersegmented )
-toxic change -when made very quickly -vacuolation , blue cytoplasm , dohle bodies ( grey fuzzy)

20
Q

TRUE/FALSE rabbit ,reptiles and birds have heterophills - equivalent of neutrophill but granules stain red

A

true

21
Q

TRUE/FALSE cow typically get neutropenia in inflammation regardless of severity

A

true

22
Q

If bone marrow is dirupted in what order to neutrophills,platlets and RBC decrease

A

neutrophills , platlets , RBC

23
Q

How can you tell if a lymphocyte is reactive ?

A

-more cytoplasm - more purple , basophillic
-see golgi zone - white

24
Q

Why might eosinophills be high ?

A

-hypersensitivity
-parasitism

25
Q

How to calculate SD of a reference interval ?

A

reference interval difference / 4

26
Q

What are some indicators of liver /muscle damage ?

A

ALKP,ALT , AST , CK – all leakage enzymes

27
Q

What are so indicators of pancreatic damage?

A

lipase,PLI

28
Q

What indicates thyroid damage ?

A

TgAA

29
Q

What indicates renal damage ?

A

casts

30
Q

What indicates heart damage ?

A

troponin I

31
Q

What indicates hepatic dysfunction ?

A

-bile acid , ammonia
-albumin , glucose , bilirubin

32
Q

Indicator of pancreatic dysfunction

A

TLI

33
Q

Indicators of thyroid dysfunction

A

T4, TSH

34
Q

Indicators of renal dysfunction

A

creatinine ,USG, proteinuria

35
Q

Indicators of cardiac dysfunction

A

NT-proBNP

36
Q

What other reasons might liver enzymes be increased in addition to damage of liver ?

A

-disease
-drugs - glucocorticoids

37
Q

TRUE/FALSE liver enzymes in cat have shorter half life so more worried when you see these increase

A

true

38
Q

TRUE/FALSE ALKP can be associated with non-hepatic disease

A

true - not liver specific

39
Q

What do we use to confirm the significance of higher glucose levels ?

A

fructosamine

40
Q

What might we suspect if we see hypercalcaemia ?

A

HOGSINYARD

41
Q

What might hypocalcaemia indicate?

A

-primary hypoparathyroidism
-after pregnancy / a deficiency / pancreatitis with fat necrosis

42
Q

TRUE/FALSE haematogenous is a descending infection , urinary is an ascending infection in terms of UT

A

true

43
Q

Name and briefly describe infectious diseases of the kidney .

A

non-suppurative tubulointersitial nephritis ( not related to inflammation of kidney )
-lympho-histocytic inflammation - cause leptospira many causes

suppurative interstitial nephritis ( related to inflammation of kidney )
-embolic nephritis ( descending ) - bacteria lodge in small capillaries ( bacteriemia) -
-pyelonephritis ( ascending ) - inflammation of pelvis and renal parenchyma due to infection lower down

44
Q

Name lower urinary tract infections

A

-ureteritis
-cystitis
-urethritis

45
Q

Common causes of urinary tract pathology

A
  • inflammatory nephro/uropathies
    -neoplasia
  • lesions secondary to renal failure
46
Q

Common neoplasia in UT

A

urothelial cell carcinoma
-urothelial cells are epithelial cells - these line the UT

FCP (24 decks)

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