Pathology Flashcards
What makes up your morphological diagnosis?
organ, severity + timing( acute, subacute, chronic ) + distribution + process ( infection or disease)
Causes of cell injury
-oxygen deprivation
-mechanical
-chemical agents
-infection
-immunological
-genetics
nutritional
Name some reversible cell injury ( degeneration )
-cellular swelling
-fatty change
due to depletion of ATP
Name irreversible cell injury
-necrosis
-apoptosis
How tell difference between apoptosis and necrosic cell injury ?
-necrotic - pathological always and cell membranes damaged and inflammation
-apoptosis - patho or physiological , cell membrane intact , no inflammation
What changes would you see in necrotic cell injury ?
microscopic and macroscopic
-microscopically - lots of eosinophills , pyknosis ( chromatin condense ) , karyolysis ( nuclear fading , karyorrhexis ( fragmented nucleus)
-macroscopic
- coagulative ( ischaemia ,cut off blood supply ) -liquefactive ( tissue into liquid viscous mass) -gangrenous (ischaemia and infection )
-caseous ( cheese like)
-fat necrosis (occurs in fat )
infarction
cell death due to poor blood supply
What morphological changes do you see in apoptosis ?
-cell shrink
-apoptotic bodies
TRUE/FALSE sometimes cells adapt in response to stress to prevent cell injury
true
Name types of adaptions cells can undergo under stress to prevent injury .
-hypertrophy -increase in size - bigger swollen
-hyperplasia - increase in number
-atrophy - shrink
-metaplasia - replaced by another cell type ( step on way to neoplasia)
labile cells
routinely proliferate
Causes of hypertrophy
-increased functional demand
-stim hormones
-growth factors
*same causes for hyperplasia
When does atrophy occur pathologically ?
-decreased workload
-loss of innervation
-diminished blood supply
How is metaplasia caused ?
-chronic irritation
-deficiencies
-trauma
-oestrogen toxicity
What does neoplasia mean?
abnormal new growth of cells
What anticoagulant tube do we use for blood ?
EDTA
serum/plasma
How does haemolysis effect lab sample ?
- increase value of compounds/enzymes found in rbc
-interfers if do test with colorimetry or chemical interactions
How does lipaemia effect lab results ?
-effects colorimetry
-less aqueous
Name and briefly describe what abnormalities you looking for in white blood cells in a blood smear .
neutrophills
-left shift - band
-right shift - hyper mature ( hypersegmented )
-toxic change -when made very quickly -vacuolation , blue cytoplasm , dohle bodies ( grey fuzzy)
TRUE/FALSE rabbit ,reptiles and birds have heterophills - equivalent of neutrophill but granules stain red
true
TRUE/FALSE cow typically get neutropenia in inflammation regardless of severity
true
If bone marrow is dirupted in what order to neutrophills,platlets and RBC decrease
neutrophills , platlets , RBC
How can you tell if a lymphocyte is reactive ?
-more cytoplasm - more purple , basophillic
-see golgi zone - white
Why might eosinophills be high ?
-hypersensitivity
-parasitism
How to calculate SD of a reference interval ?
reference interval difference / 4
What are some indicators of liver /muscle damage ?
ALKP,ALT , AST , CK – all leakage enzymes
What are so indicators of pancreatic damage?
lipase,PLI
What indicates thyroid damage ?
TgAA
What indicates renal damage ?
casts
What indicates heart damage ?
troponin I
What indicates hepatic dysfunction ?
-bile acid , ammonia
-albumin , glucose , bilirubin
Indicator of pancreatic dysfunction
TLI
Indicators of thyroid dysfunction
T4, TSH
Indicators of renal dysfunction
creatinine ,USG, proteinuria
Indicators of cardiac dysfunction
NT-proBNP
What other reasons might liver enzymes be increased in addition to damage of liver ?
-disease
-drugs - glucocorticoids
TRUE/FALSE liver enzymes in cat have shorter half life so more worried when you see these increase
true
TRUE/FALSE ALKP can be associated with non-hepatic disease
true - not liver specific
What do we use to confirm the significance of higher glucose levels ?
fructosamine
What might we suspect if we see hypercalcaemia ?
HOGSINYARD
What might hypocalcaemia indicate?
-primary hypoparathyroidism
-after pregnancy / a deficiency / pancreatitis with fat necrosis
TRUE/FALSE haematogenous is a descending infection , urinary is an ascending infection in terms of UT
true
Name and briefly describe infectious diseases of the kidney .
non-suppurative tubulointersitial nephritis ( not related to inflammation of kidney )
-lympho-histocytic inflammation - cause leptospira many causes
suppurative interstitial nephritis ( related to inflammation of kidney )
-embolic nephritis ( descending ) - bacteria lodge in small capillaries ( bacteriemia) -
-pyelonephritis ( ascending ) - inflammation of pelvis and renal parenchyma due to infection lower down
Name lower urinary tract infections
-ureteritis
-cystitis
-urethritis
Common causes of urinary tract pathology
- inflammatory nephro/uropathies
-neoplasia - lesions secondary to renal failure
Common neoplasia in UT
urothelial cell carcinoma
-urothelial cells are epithelial cells - these line the UT
