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FCP > Dystocia , pregnancy > Flashcards

Dystocia , pregnancy Flashcards

1
Q

How can we diagnose pregnancy ?

A

-absence of oestrus
-detection of protein/endocrinological changes
-detection of foetus or foetal membranes
-physical changes - increased uterine artery
-secondary - cervical mucus , vaginal wall thinning

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2
Q

How can we detect pregnancy in the mare ?

A

-eCG from 40 days
-lack of declined progesterone
-placental oestrogen in blood, urine
-detection of foetus and foteal membrane - rectal palpation 21 days , ultrasound 14 days

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3
Q

How can we detect pregnancy in the bitch ?

A

-not by absence of oestrus or progesterone conc
-relaxin - increased with pregnancy at about 25 days
-abdominal palpation -28 days
-ultrasound - 28 days

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4
Q

What is the protocol for pregnancy diagnosis in the cow ?

A

ultrasound every 4 weeks post mating / ai

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5
Q

What is the protocol for pregnancy diagnosis in the mare ?

A

ultrasound 14, 21 and 35 weeks

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6
Q

Things to consider when determining pregnancy .

A
  • need time for follicles to grow
    -oestrus doesn’t mean ovulation occurring
    -fertilisation period - hours ( days in bitch ) = when oocyte is available to be fertilised
    -decrease in progesterone - oestrus soon ( however in bitch increase shows ovulation is ocuring )
    -in mare follicular wall will thicken on ultrasound if ovulating
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7
Q

In the mare you do a rectal palpation and the cervix is broad and soft and the uterus is larger and oedematous . What hormone is dominating ?

A

oestrogen

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8
Q

In a mare you do a rectal palpation . The cervix feels hard and narrow and the uterus smaller with increased tone . What hormone is dominating ?

A

progesterone

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9
Q

In the cow you do a rectal palpation . The cervix feels narrow and tense and the uterus oedematous with increased tone . What hormone is dominating ?

A

oestrogen

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10
Q

In the cow you do a rectal palpation. The cervix feels flaccid and soft and the uterus flaccid with reduction in tone . What hormone is dominating ?

A

progesterone

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11
Q

How can you determine ovulation using ultrasound ?

A

-is there a CL - should be regressing if in oestrus
-size of follicle
- thickness of wall in mare

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12
Q

What size follicle shows a dominant follicle and so ovulation in the cow ?

A

16-20mm

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13
Q

What size follicle shows a dominant follcile and os ovulation in the mare

A

30-55mm

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14
Q

How can we determine ovulation and best time to ai/mate ?

A

-ultrasound
-progesterone conc
-vaginal cytology in dog

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15
Q

What drugs can be used to manipulate ovulation and what they do ?

A

-GnRH induced LH surge within hours and ovulation a day later
-HCG ( LH activity ) - directly induce ovulation

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16
Q

What is the ovsynch protocol ?

A

GnRH at day 0
Prostaglandin f2 alpha day 7
GnRH day 9
then AI at day 10

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17
Q

What is conception failure ?

A

when no fertilisation occurs

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18
Q

What is embryonic death ?

A

this is loss before organs form ( organogenesis)

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19
Q

Reasons for conception failure in cattle

A

-metabolic/ physical stress
-oestrus detection
-mistiming AI

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20
Q

state and briefly explain reasons for early pregnancy failure cattle.

A

-nutrition - negative energy balance cause low growth factor which helps support uterus and ovary
-high plasma non-esterified fatty acids / urea which can be toxic to oocyte/embryo
-impaired embryonic development - maternal recognition due to lack progesterone so less nutrition going to ebryo
-infection - campylobacter, BVD , herpes
-heat stress
-damage to endometrium

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21
Q

State and briefly describe reasons for embryonic death in sheep .

A

-multiple conception
-infection -toxoplasmosis ,schmallenberg , border disease
-nutrition - no red clover
-ram to ewe ratio
-early in breeding season

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22
Q

Reasons for failure of establishment of pregnancy in pig .

A

-decreased fertility in summer and autumn
-ovulation failure -cystic ovarian disease
-genetics - limited uterine capacity
-infections - porcine parovirus
-nutrition - feed restriction increase sub fertility

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23
Q

Reasons for pregnancy failure in mare.

A

-age - young ( stress , bad nutrition ) or old ( structural defects )
-haemorrhagic anovulatory follicles HAFs = follicles that don’t ovulate they become haemorrhaged
-infections
-lack of histotroph- placenta whole surface area of uterus
-maternal stress - transport or pain

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24
Q

TRUE/FALSE: Most cases of abortion are due to infectious agents .

A

false

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25
Q

What does resorption mean ?

A

death and resorption of embryo

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26
Q

Define fetal death .

A

death of the fetus that can lead to - expulsion , mummification, maceration

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27
Q

Define stillbirth

A

fetus reaches term but dies during the process of delivery

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28
Q

Define mummification

A

progesterone maintained
rapid absorption of fluid
no bacteria - so contents dehydrate and mummify

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29
Q

Define expulsion

A

abortion
decline progesterone
uterine contractions
fetus expelled

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30
Q

Define Maceration .

A

lysis of dead fetus that hasn’t been expulsed

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31
Q

non-infectious causes of pregnancy loss

A

-genetic abnormalities
-uterine disease - can’t form effective placenta
-stress - nutritional , heat
-maternal illness
-nutritional phytotoxins

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32
Q

Define embryo

A

embryonic mass can’t differentiate what species

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33
Q

Define fetus

A

embryonic mass that can now differentiate species and usually occurs around mineralisation

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34
Q

When does luteal placental shift occur in cattle ?

A

210-250 days

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35
Q

If there is fetal death after luteal placental shift what is likely occur ?

A

expulsion because there is no CL and so abortion because its after organogenesis

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36
Q

If fetal death occurs before luteal placental shift what is likely to happen ?

A

-still CL so stay in and mummification til cl dies
-if bacteria/ inflammation release prostaglandin - uterine contraction - expulsed

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37
Q

What are the stages of parturition ?

A

-stage of preparation
-1st stage
-2nd stage
-third stage

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38
Q

What occurs in the stage of preparation ?

A

late term production of relaxin
fetal maturation - pituitary produce ACTH and fetal adrenal produce adrenaline

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39
Q

What occurs in the first stage of parturition ?

A

stimulated by the preparation stage
-increase PG
-decrease in progesterone
-increase relaxin - cervix can dilate
-causes myometrial contractions - uterine contractions and fetus gets into position for expulsion

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40
Q

What occurs in stage 2 of parturition ?

A

-uterine contractions push fetus into birth canal
-abdominal contractions are additive
-fergusons reflex produces additional uterine contractions
-fetus delivered

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41
Q

What is the fergusons reflex ?

A

when the force of the fetus against the cervix once abdominal and uterine contractions start causes
-neuro-hormonal reflex
-brain releases oxytocin
-causing myometrial contractions

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42
Q

What occurs in the third stage of parturition ?

A

-abdominal contractions cease
-myometrial contractions decrease in amplitude but become more frequent and regular
-placenta expelled

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43
Q

How long does the second stage of parturition take ? Mare

A

30 minutes

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44
Q

How long does the second stage of parturition take ? Cow

A

hour

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45
Q

How long does the second stage of parturition take ? ewe

A

hour

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46
Q

How long does the second stage of parturition take ? Queen

A

2 hours

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47
Q

How long does the second stage of parturition take ? sow

A

3 h

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48
Q

How long does the second stage of parturition take ? bitch

A

6 hours

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49
Q

Briefly describe the reasons for dystocia .

A

-feto-maternal disproportion - inadequate pelvis, fetus is oversized
-incomplete dilation or constriction of birth canal
-fetus in wrong position
( all above = obstructive dystocia )
-inadequate expulsive forces - uterine inertia ( exhausted , they start but don’t continue ) , weak abdominal straining ( age , pain )

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50
Q

Whats the most common type of dystocia in the cow ?

A

-fetal-maternal disproportion -as heifers bred at early age and beef sires often used producing large calf
-breed - holstein more likely for dystocia

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51
Q

What is the most common cause of dystocia in the bitch ?

A

primary uterine inertia

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52
Q

List some conditions that occur post partum ?

A

-haemorrhage
-trauma /lacerations/ contusions
-prolapse of something
-placental retention
-metritis
-recumbency/nerve damage

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53
Q

Explain post-partum haemorrhage

A

this means bleeding after birth it can occur due to
-breakage of umbilicus and blood leaking from placenta
-uterine or vaginal lacerations - vaginal artery

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54
Q

Explain trauma that can occur post-partum .

A

-bruising of wall of vestibule or vulva
-perineal laceration ( most commonly in first pregnancy and when forced traction ) - can get 1st-3rd degree ( 1st more superficial ) and recto-vaginal fistula

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55
Q

Explain prolapse/protrusion pos-partum .

A

-bladder -ewe and cow - bladder can prolapse through tear in vagina ,in mare bladder can evert through large urethra
-NO prolapse of vagina/cervix that usually occurs late pregnancy
-uterus - common in cow and ewe

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56
Q

What causes prolapse of the uterus in the cow and ewe and how treat?

A

-when have more than one fetus
-associated uterine inertia /poor involution of uterus
-epidural , put in frog position ( ventral recum ) and push back in , give oxytocin , calcium , parenteral antibiotics , NSAIDS after

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57
Q

In what animal is retained placenta common ?

A

cow

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58
Q

Why is retained placenta important ?

A

can cause metritis , endometritis , pyometra

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59
Q

Cause of retained fetal membranes

A

-abortion
-dystocia
-inertia
-hypocalcaemia
-caesarean
-twins
-in mare breed

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60
Q

How would you treat a retained placenta in cow ?

A

-gentle removal
-parenteral antibiotics if clinically ill
-ecbolics - little effect

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61
Q

What are ecbolic drusg ?

A

stimulate uterine contractions

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62
Q

How would you treat retained foetal membranes in mare ?

A

-careful traction to remove - can use twisting method
-sometimes use ecbolic agents
-careful examination of membranes

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63
Q

How would you treat a bitch/queen with retained placenta ?

A

ecbolic agents
NSAIDs, parenteral antibiotic, fluid therapy

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64
Q

Reasons for recumbency /nerve damage

A

-hypocalcaemia
-hypomagnesaemia
-metritis
-mastitis
-leg/pelvic/nerve injury ( obturator nerve )
-rumen acidosis

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65
Q

How would you treat recumbency/nerve damage in the cow ?

A

-NSAIDs
-Hobbling
-nursing and attention to mammary glands important

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66
Q

What happens if embryo dies before organogenesis ?

A

resorption or possible pyometra

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67
Q

TRUE/FALSE ; mummification is common in the mare

A

false - there is a very short window for mummification in the mare because luteal - placental shift occurs much earlier than in the cow

68
Q

What is the most common cause of pregnancy loss in the mare ?

A

multiple conceptuses - can be seen as on ultrasound ovaries will have multiple CL

69
Q

What species have no placental shift ?

A

sow
doe
bitch
queen
rabbit

70
Q

State and briefly describe anatomical causes of subfertility in females.

A

-ovarian hypoplasia - small ovary - birth defect
-reproductive dysplasia - uterus not developed properly
-free-martinism - usually sterile due to having both female and male characteristics
-persistent hymen -mare
-adhesions -ovario-bursal
-endometrial fibrosis - scarrig due to chronic inflammation
-cystic endometrial hyperplasia
-repro tract neoplasia

71
Q

State and briefly describe ovary pathology .

A

-anovulatory anoestrus -lack of cyclicity /return to season associated with negative energy imbalance
-cystic ovarian disease - follicular struc that fail to ovulate and persist
-persistent CL

usually all have underlyign cause like lack of hormones

72
Q

What does a lack of endometrial PGF2A do ?

A

lutolysis doesn’t occur as expected so CL persists

73
Q

How would you diagnose ovary pathology ?

A

-hormone analysis - progesterone
-ovarian palpation
-ovarian ultrasound

74
Q

How can you treat ovary pathology ?

A

-promote ovarian func - GnRH ECG (stimulate gonadotrophin release )
-mimic luteal phase - progesterone
-induce luteinisation /ovulation ( as both occur at same time ) - GnRH/LH
-induce luteolysis - if luteal tissue is present use prostaglandin F2A

75
Q

State some repro-tract infections/inflammation

A

-endometritis
-cervivitis
-vaginitis
( post mating and post-partum -associated with retained fetal membranes , dystocia )

76
Q

How to treat repro tract infections ?

A

-uterine catheter - local broad spec antibiotics
-stimulate uterine contractions

77
Q

State some management issues that contribute towards infertility.

A

-oestrus detection
-timing of matinf /AI ( dog golden rule is 12 days when they ovulate but some dogs are outside of this )
-number of matings in queens
-expectations - ram:ewe ratio
-stress - heat , transport

78
Q

Explain nutritional influences on infertility .

A

-negative energy imbalance - reduce gonadatrophin / IGF1
-specific mineral deficiencies

79
Q

For animals that don’t have placental shift e.g sow what is the most common fetal death ?

A

mummification - after organogenesis

( resorption would occur before this )

80
Q

What is most likely to happen in species with early luteal-placental shift e.g ewe ? and why

A

expulsion is more common as luteal placental shift occurs in a short period of time after organogenesis. Therefore theres a shorter window of time for mummification to occur.

81
Q

State the different treatment options for dystocia .

A

-manipulative treatment
-drug therapy - ecbolic , calcium , tocolytic
-surgical - epidural anaesthesia , episiotomy, fetotomy ,caesarean
-euthanasia

82
Q

When might you do a fetotomy over a caesarean ?

A

-if the dam is too debilitated to survive caesarean
-the fetus is dead

83
Q

Why might you use a caesarean even if dytocia is correctable in a large litter ?

A

risk of secondary inertia or dam exhaustion if do manipulation instead

84
Q

Why might you choose to do a caesarean ?

A

-fetus can’t be delivered by mutation or traction
-dystocia can be corrected but its a large litter
-uterine torsion or incomplete cervix dilation - that can’t fix
-when fetotomy would be traumatic and time consuming
-do for certain breeds e.g brachycephalics

85
Q

Why does legislation require that all cattle abortions are reported to APHA ?

A

-could be Brucellosis - notifiable

86
Q

What are some non-infectious causes of abortion in cattle ? with examples

A

-genetics - vertebral malformation , dyschondroplasia
-nutritional - mineral /trace element deficiency
-traumatic -injuries , hyperthermia , twinning
-toxic -nitrate poisoning , poisonous plants
-iatrogenic - prostaglandin

87
Q

What are some infectious causes of abortion in cattle ? with examples

A

-viral - BVD,IBR
-protozoal - neospora canium
-fungal - aspergillus
-Bacterial - leptospira , salmonella , brucella

88
Q

State some causes of maternal dystocia and how you’d treat them .

A

-uterine torsion - rolling , swinging calf , c -section
-incomplete dilation of cervix -(risk increase with parity -hypocalcaemia ) , feel tight band , calcium, manual dilation or c-section/fetotomy
-incomplete dilation of vulva - manual stretching , episiotomy , c-section/fetotomy ( common heifers )

89
Q

You decide the dystocia can be solved and decide to deliver the calf what do you do ?

A

-use traction , make sure in position
-epidural/calcium / clenbuterol
-NSAIDS

90
Q

You decide the dystocia is too bad and not to attempt vaginal delivery . What do you do ?

A

C-section/feototomy / euthanasia
NSAIDs

91
Q

Why is the neonate different to the adult ?

A

-poor breathing
-limited ability to reg body temp
-poor regulation of fluid balance
-limited energy store
immune system is immature

92
Q

Reasons for failure of passive transfer .

A

-poor quality colostrum
-poor intake by neonate
-immuno deficiency

93
Q

How to treat poor MDA transfer ?

A

-donor colostrum
-hyperimmune plasma - commonly done in foals

94
Q

What is the scoring system used to monitor new born neonates?

A

APGAR
A - activity - muscle tone
P- pulse - HR
G - grimace - response to stim
A- appearance - membrane colour
R - respiration - resp rate

95
Q

Clinical signs of sick pup

A

-failure to gain weight -early indicator
-feels cold to touch
-skin inelastic
-thin ,bony
-empty stomach
-persistent crying

96
Q

Clinical signs of equine neonatal sepsis

A

-injected sclerae
-aural petechiae
-coronary band hyphaemia
-umbilical pain
-joint swelling
-oral petechiae

97
Q

Why do we need to consider vaccination success in the neonate ?

A

can’t vaccinate successfully until MDA are at low enough point . Can’t vaccinate too early ( always going to have a period of low antibodies )

98
Q

Outline a clinical exam of the mammary gland .

A

-exam of gland skin
-palpation of gland - number teats and glands , size, texture , eveness
-exam of teat - skin crusting , ulceration ,discharge
-express milk - colour,odour
-milk production data

99
Q

State some common mammary disorders

A

-udder sores - from skin to skin contact can cause abrasions and so infection
-ulcerative mammilitis - Bovine herpes virus 2
-teat hyperkeratosis - milking machine trauma
-mastitis
-mammary neoplasia - common in dog
-agalactia - lack of milk

100
Q

How does agalactia occur ? how would you treat /

A

-Failure of milk production -due to inadequate mammary development - give metclopramide as its a prolactin agonist
-failure of milk let down - occurs as adrenaline blocks oxytocin release , give oxytocin to treat this

101
Q

What is TNM ?

A

A way of classifying and staging mammary neoplasia in the bitch
T - size of tumour
N - regional lymph node is there metastasis- cytology FNA
M - distant metastasis - radiographs of chest

102
Q

What changes associated with pregnancy may effect safe effective anaesthesia ?

A

-resp effects -not as much room in thorax for lungs to move due to pregnancy pushing diaphragm cranially so decrease function in residual capacity ( why pre oxygenation so important )
-cardio effects -increased cardiac output as need to supply for fetus /placenta as well as her own other body tissues - ( why don’t want too deep could compromise fetus - monitor bp)
-neurologically - sensitive to overdose with anesthetics
GI - delayed gastric emptying so usually have stomach with contents - so want to keep head up to limit regurg

103
Q

What should you consider choosing and doing when giving anaesthesia for c-section to minimise risk ?

A

-short duration of action
-lowest possible dose
-oxygen - pre-oxygenate
-opiods
-local anaesthetics
-head up -reduce regurg
-monitor BP
-give fluids

104
Q

Describe a basic protocol for anaesthesia for C section .

A

-pre med - opiod ( buprenorphine or methadone ) , antiemetic ( maropitant , will give slight analgesia )
-check anaesthesia equipment and offspring resus equipment - select breathing system , prep et tubes , warming devices
-place iv - 22g blue , 20g pink , 18g green , Iv fluids
-preoxygenate then induce anaesthesia - head elevated , use alfaxalone or propofol to induce
-maintain and monitor anaesthesia - give local anaesthetic ( line block ) before start
-NSAIDs at end
-recovery - additional analgesia - methadone or bup, pain score
-discharge- with NSAIDs

105
Q

What conc of IgG in colostrum is considered good ?

A

50mg/ml

106
Q

What can you do to assist a struggling neonate after dystocia ?

A

-stimulate resp - acidosis correction( put in sternal recumbency ) , stimulate nosotrils or cold water in ear , doxopram ( respiration stimulant
-assist thermoregulation - dry the animal , a lot of clean bedding , safe heat source
-increase blood volume - colostrum

107
Q

Define fertility .

A

capability of producing offspring

108
Q

Define sterile.

A

absolute inability to producing offspring

109
Q

Define Infertility .

A

no good def
breeders expectation of outcome comes into it
not sterility

110
Q

Reasons for infertility in the male.

A

-abnormalities of coitus - immaturity and inexperience , inability or unwillingness to mount , inability to achieve intromission , haemospermia
-failure of fertilisation - testicular disease, sperm abnormalities , epididymal lesions , accessory gland disease

111
Q

Disadvantages of ovariectomy .

A

-if give exogenous hormones could somewhat encourage uterine disease as giving hormone back to the uterus means it will no longer be this small shrivelled inactive struc so can cause problems
- abnormal uterus - doesn’t correct this
-could leave ovarian remnant

112
Q

Advantage of ovariohysterectomy

A

-can remove an abnormal uterus if present

113
Q

TRUE/FALSE : if remove ovaries or testes can increase risk of neoplasia

A

TRUE

114
Q

Advantages of prepubertal neutering

A

-easier
-never have inconvenient oestrus

115
Q

Disadvantages of pre-pubertal neutering.

A

-small animal fewer fat reserves - greater risk of anaesthetic overdose
-delayed closure of growth plates - increased risk of physeal fractures

116
Q

When do we spay the bitch in the cycle? and why ?

A

-12 weeks after oestrus - the pituitaries response to removal of ovary is to produce prolactin as progesterone has declined as the ovaries have been removed - this can increase risk of pseudopregnancy so want to wait and do it in anoestrus so wait 12 weeks after oestrus to be safe
-3 weeks post oestrus - in luteal phase before prolactin is “turned on “ - so doesn’t cause the same effect as above

117
Q

Name some different types of surgical neutering and what species we commonly do them .

A

-orchiectomy (removal testes ) - most species
-vasectomy ( tying off vas deferens ) - teaser rams
-crush spermatic cord - calves
-induce ischaemic necrosis of scrotum - lambs

118
Q

Why do we neuter male?

A

-eliminate/reduce male-like behaviour
-prevent breeding
-treatment of condition affecting testes and scrotum
-treatment of conditions stimulated by male hormones ( prostate disease , anal adenoma)

119
Q

TRUE/FALSE in the stallion we use emasculators instead of ligatures for castration

A

TRUE

120
Q

State some advantages and disadvantages of open technique in horse

A

-rapid
-good observation of vasculature
-good drainage - therefore good if contaminated

-herniation risk

121
Q

State some advantages and disadvantages of closed castration in horse.

A

-rapid
-effective haemostasis
-peritoneal contamination minimised
-herniation risk reduced

-can’t see vasculature

122
Q

State some advantages and disadvantages of modified technique in horse

A

-good haemostasis
-herniation risk reduced
-surgical closure if conditions are guaranteed clean

-more time consuming

123
Q

What surgical castration technique is used in calf over 2 months /bull ?

A

-open technique by either lateral incisiom in each scrotum or cut at base ( remove distal scrotum
-use emasculators instead sutures

124
Q

Why in calfs do we crush at different points with the burdizzo on each spermatic cord ?

A

to leave some blood supply to the scrotum so the scrotum doesn’t fall off

125
Q

TRUE/FALSE = have to conduct a closed/modified technique on rodents

A

TRUE - have open inguinal canal - high risk of herniation

126
Q

State some complications during surgery for neutering

A

-anaesthesia-related
-Bleeding - poor ligation technique
-damage to other organs - include ureter in cervical ligature in bitch

127
Q

State complications during recovery

A

-herniation if omentum stallion
-eventration in stallion

128
Q

State some complications shortly after neutering surgery

A

-wound inflammation
-scrotal haematoma
-infectionn
-wound breakdown

129
Q

Long term complications of neutering surgery

A

-surgical instruments left behind
-pyogranuloma - in bitch
-incomplete removal of gonads
-increased risk of diseases - neoplasia , joint disease *depends on time of neutering
-body conformation changes e.g taller if neutered early , loss male characteristics -muscle

130
Q

At what age do we neuter cats ?

A

4 months

131
Q

What is the action of short term GnRH ?

A

-trigger ovulation by inducing LH surge

132
Q

What is the action of long term GnRH

A

-initial stimulation then down regulates GnRH receptor - suppress HPG axis

133
Q

Why might you use long action GnRH?

A

-control behaviour and fertility in male dogs
-control/supress oestrous behaviour

134
Q

What is ECG ?

A

drug used as an alternative for FSH as there are few FSH specific products

135
Q

Why might you use ECG ?

A

-part of oestrous induction regime
-superovulation

136
Q

What is HCG ?

A

essentially LH surge in a bottle
LH has no specific products so use LH as has LH-like activity

137
Q

Why might you use HCG?

A

-induce ovulation when animal in oestrus
-treat prolonged pro-oestrus in bitch
-deficiency of libido in male dogs
*not really used in cattle now

138
Q

When would you use exogenous progestogens ?

A

-supress the HPG axis - to prevent oestrus , treat and prevent pseudopregnancy , or male conditions like unwanted behaviour
-inducing/synchronising oestrus

139
Q

State some exogenous progestogens.

A

-flugestone
-proligestone
-megestrol
-altrenogest

140
Q

What is Aglepristone and when can you only use it ?

A

-progesterone receptor antagonist
-only licensed for termination of pregnancy in dog
*however can terminate pregnancy in all species , induce parturition

141
Q

TRUE/FALSE = oestrogens are not used for repro considerations and are used for control of urinary incontinence

A

TRUE

142
Q

What does endogenous prostaglandin F2A do ?

A

lysis of mature cl

143
Q

Why might we use prostaglandin F2a ?

A

-Terminate luteal phase to synchronise oestrus
-induce abortion
-induce parturition
-ecbolic effect

144
Q

in what species does endogenous prolactin support CL func ?

A

-bitch
-pregnant queen

145
Q

Why are prolactin inhibitors used?

A

-end luteal phase
-terminate pregnancy
-treat pyo
-reduce milk production and behaviour of pseudopregnancy
-reduce milk after weaning

146
Q

What effect does melatonin have on ewes ?

A

brings on cyclicity /oestrus

147
Q

What effect does melatonin have on mare/ferret/cat ?

A

supresses cyclicity /oestrus

148
Q

What do progestrogens do in the male ?

A

-decrease testosterone
-supress spermatogenesis

149
Q

What is deslorelin ?

A

-Depot GnRH
-goes up intially then causes its own down regulation of its own receptors

150
Q

Why would we use GnRH and HCG in males ?

A

-to confirm presence of testicular tissue - rig test

151
Q

Why might we want to control oestrus and ovulation in the ewe? and how

A

-stim cyclicity earlier in breeding season - melatonin, ram effect or progestogen sponges ( 14 days in combo with ECG/GnRH )
-synchronise breeding

152
Q

Why might we want to control oestrus ad ovulation in cattle ? and how

A

-aid oestrus detection
-AI /mating - ovsynch (with or without P4 ) , Progestogen and PGF , 2 doses PGF 12 days apart

153
Q

Why might we want to control oestrus and ovulation in sow ? and how ?

A

-synchronise sows and gilts- for batch farrowing -use progestogen 14-18 days ( with or without ECG just before P4 removal )

154
Q

Why might we want to control oestrus and ovulation in mare ? and how ?

A

-supress oestrus - enable training and performance - repeated treatment of progestogen for 10-15 days
-stim early onset of cyclicity in the breeding season -daylight, oral progesterone for10 days
-management of AI/mating - progestogen, PGF if active CL , Hasten ovulation with HCG/GnRH

155
Q

Why might we want to control oestrus and ovulation in the bitch ? and how ?

A

-prevent oestrus
-suppress oestrus -progesterone depot 6 months ( increase risk pyo if start in pro oestrus or oestrus ) , GnRH agonist implant , testosterone in greyhounds
-induce oestrus - prolactin inhibitors 2-5 weeks , GnRH agonist implant , HCG induce ovulation

156
Q

Why might we want to control oestrus and ovulation in the queen ? and how ?

A

-prevent oestrus
-suppress oestrus - GnRH agonist implant , GnRH antagonist , melatonin implants
-induce oestrus - daylight , HCG to induce ovulation

157
Q

How would you treat anovulatory anoestrus ?

A

-ovsynch
-ovsynch plus progestogen
-progesterone and eCG ( and/or GnRH , PGF)

158
Q

How would you treat cystic ovarian disease ?

A

-GnRH induce lutenisation , followed by PGF2A =ovysynch if in follicular phase
-if in luteal - PGF2A

159
Q

What is the most likely cause of persistent CL /prolonged dioestrus ?

A

-lack of endometrial PGF2A

160
Q

How would you treat a persistent CL/prolonged dioestrus ?

A

-PGF2A to trigger luteolysis - return to oestrus with in 2-5 days

161
Q

What is immuno-contraception? and examples of vaccines .

A

-vaccines against key repro proteins producing a contraceptive effect
-zona pellucida vaccines , anti-GnRH vaccines

162
Q

How to treat pseudopregnancy /terminate pregnancy ?

A

-block action of progesterone - progesterone receptor antagonist
-terminate luteal func - prostaglandin F2A to cause luteolysis , prolactin inhibitor to remove prolactin induced luteal support
-mimic fetal signal - corticosteroids

163
Q

What are the 3 venereal pathogens that we test for in the mare and stallion ?

A

-taylorella
-klebsiella
-pseudomonas

164
Q

What is the uracus ?

A

communication between bladder and umbilicus

165
Q

TRUE/FALSE = you can get congenital hernias

A

True

166
Q

Treatment of umbilcal hernias

A
  • if small enough usually resolve on own
  • surgical intervention
    -bands - fibrosis and scaring
167
Q

How to spot a patent urachus in neonate ?

A

-presence or dribbling of urine out of umbilicus

FCP (24 decks)

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