Dystocia , pregnancy Flashcards
How can we diagnose pregnancy ?
-absence of oestrus
-detection of protein/endocrinological changes
-detection of foetus or foetal membranes
-physical changes - increased uterine artery
-secondary - cervical mucus , vaginal wall thinning
How can we detect pregnancy in the mare ?
-eCG from 40 days
-lack of declined progesterone
-placental oestrogen in blood, urine
-detection of foetus and foteal membrane - rectal palpation 21 days , ultrasound 14 days
How can we detect pregnancy in the bitch ?
-not by absence of oestrus or progesterone conc
-relaxin - increased with pregnancy at about 25 days
-abdominal palpation -28 days
-ultrasound - 28 days
What is the protocol for pregnancy diagnosis in the cow ?
ultrasound every 4 weeks post mating / ai
What is the protocol for pregnancy diagnosis in the mare ?
ultrasound 14, 21 and 35 weeks
Things to consider when determining pregnancy .
- need time for follicles to grow
-oestrus doesn’t mean ovulation occurring
-fertilisation period - hours ( days in bitch ) = when oocyte is available to be fertilised
-decrease in progesterone - oestrus soon ( however in bitch increase shows ovulation is ocuring )
-in mare follicular wall will thicken on ultrasound if ovulating
In the mare you do a rectal palpation and the cervix is broad and soft and the uterus is larger and oedematous . What hormone is dominating ?
oestrogen
In a mare you do a rectal palpation . The cervix feels hard and narrow and the uterus smaller with increased tone . What hormone is dominating ?
progesterone
In the cow you do a rectal palpation . The cervix feels narrow and tense and the uterus oedematous with increased tone . What hormone is dominating ?
oestrogen
In the cow you do a rectal palpation. The cervix feels flaccid and soft and the uterus flaccid with reduction in tone . What hormone is dominating ?
progesterone
How can you determine ovulation using ultrasound ?
-is there a CL - should be regressing if in oestrus
-size of follicle
- thickness of wall in mare
What size follicle shows a dominant follicle and so ovulation in the cow ?
16-20mm
What size follicle shows a dominant follcile and os ovulation in the mare
30-55mm
How can we determine ovulation and best time to ai/mate ?
-ultrasound
-progesterone conc
-vaginal cytology in dog
What drugs can be used to manipulate ovulation and what they do ?
-GnRH induced LH surge within hours and ovulation a day later
-HCG ( LH activity ) - directly induce ovulation
What is the ovsynch protocol ?
GnRH at day 0
Prostaglandin f2 alpha day 7
GnRH day 9
then AI at day 10
What is conception failure ?
when no fertilisation occurs
What is embryonic death ?
this is loss before organs form ( organogenesis)
Reasons for conception failure in cattle
-metabolic/ physical stress
-oestrus detection
-mistiming AI
state and briefly explain reasons for early pregnancy failure cattle.
-nutrition - negative energy balance cause low growth factor which helps support uterus and ovary
-high plasma non-esterified fatty acids / urea which can be toxic to oocyte/embryo
-impaired embryonic development - maternal recognition due to lack progesterone so less nutrition going to ebryo
-infection - campylobacter, BVD , herpes
-heat stress
-damage to endometrium
State and briefly describe reasons for embryonic death in sheep .
-multiple conception
-infection -toxoplasmosis ,schmallenberg , border disease
-nutrition - no red clover
-ram to ewe ratio
-early in breeding season
Reasons for failure of establishment of pregnancy in pig .
-decreased fertility in summer and autumn
-ovulation failure -cystic ovarian disease
-genetics - limited uterine capacity
-infections - porcine parovirus
-nutrition - feed restriction increase sub fertility
Reasons for pregnancy failure in mare.
-age - young ( stress , bad nutrition ) or old ( structural defects )
-haemorrhagic anovulatory follicles HAFs = follicles that don’t ovulate they become haemorrhaged
-infections
-lack of histotroph- placenta whole surface area of uterus
-maternal stress - transport or pain
TRUE/FALSE: Most cases of abortion are due to infectious agents .
false
What does resorption mean ?
death and resorption of embryo
Define fetal death .
death of the fetus that can lead to - expulsion , mummification, maceration
Define stillbirth
fetus reaches term but dies during the process of delivery
Define mummification
progesterone maintained
rapid absorption of fluid
no bacteria - so contents dehydrate and mummify
Define expulsion
abortion
decline progesterone
uterine contractions
fetus expelled
Define Maceration .
lysis of dead fetus that hasn’t been expulsed
non-infectious causes of pregnancy loss
-genetic abnormalities
-uterine disease - can’t form effective placenta
-stress - nutritional , heat
-maternal illness
-nutritional phytotoxins
Define embryo
embryonic mass can’t differentiate what species
Define fetus
embryonic mass that can now differentiate species and usually occurs around mineralisation
When does luteal placental shift occur in cattle ?
210-250 days
If there is fetal death after luteal placental shift what is likely occur ?
expulsion because there is no CL and so abortion because its after organogenesis
If fetal death occurs before luteal placental shift what is likely to happen ?
-still CL so stay in and mummification til cl dies
-if bacteria/ inflammation release prostaglandin - uterine contraction - expulsed
What are the stages of parturition ?
-stage of preparation
-1st stage
-2nd stage
-third stage
What occurs in the stage of preparation ?
late term production of relaxin
fetal maturation - pituitary produce ACTH and fetal adrenal produce adrenaline
What occurs in the first stage of parturition ?
stimulated by the preparation stage
-increase PG
-decrease in progesterone
-increase relaxin - cervix can dilate
-causes myometrial contractions - uterine contractions and fetus gets into position for expulsion
What occurs in stage 2 of parturition ?
-uterine contractions push fetus into birth canal
-abdominal contractions are additive
-fergusons reflex produces additional uterine contractions
-fetus delivered
What is the fergusons reflex ?
when the force of the fetus against the cervix once abdominal and uterine contractions start causes
-neuro-hormonal reflex
-brain releases oxytocin
-causing myometrial contractions
What occurs in the third stage of parturition ?
-abdominal contractions cease
-myometrial contractions decrease in amplitude but become more frequent and regular
-placenta expelled
How long does the second stage of parturition take ? Mare
30 minutes
How long does the second stage of parturition take ? Cow
hour
How long does the second stage of parturition take ? ewe
hour
How long does the second stage of parturition take ? Queen
2 hours
How long does the second stage of parturition take ? sow
3 h
How long does the second stage of parturition take ? bitch
6 hours
Briefly describe the reasons for dystocia .
-feto-maternal disproportion - inadequate pelvis, fetus is oversized
-incomplete dilation or constriction of birth canal
-fetus in wrong position
( all above = obstructive dystocia )
-inadequate expulsive forces - uterine inertia ( exhausted , they start but don’t continue ) , weak abdominal straining ( age , pain )
Whats the most common type of dystocia in the cow ?
-fetal-maternal disproportion -as heifers bred at early age and beef sires often used producing large calf
-breed - holstein more likely for dystocia
What is the most common cause of dystocia in the bitch ?
primary uterine inertia
List some conditions that occur post partum ?
-haemorrhage
-trauma /lacerations/ contusions
-prolapse of something
-placental retention
-metritis
-recumbency/nerve damage
Explain post-partum haemorrhage
this means bleeding after birth it can occur due to
-breakage of umbilicus and blood leaking from placenta
-uterine or vaginal lacerations - vaginal artery
Explain trauma that can occur post-partum .
-bruising of wall of vestibule or vulva
-perineal laceration ( most commonly in first pregnancy and when forced traction ) - can get 1st-3rd degree ( 1st more superficial ) and recto-vaginal fistula
Explain prolapse/protrusion pos-partum .
-bladder -ewe and cow - bladder can prolapse through tear in vagina ,in mare bladder can evert through large urethra
-NO prolapse of vagina/cervix that usually occurs late pregnancy
-uterus - common in cow and ewe
What causes prolapse of the uterus in the cow and ewe and how treat?
-when have more than one fetus
-associated uterine inertia /poor involution of uterus
-epidural , put in frog position ( ventral recum ) and push back in , give oxytocin , calcium , parenteral antibiotics , NSAIDS after
In what animal is retained placenta common ?
cow
Why is retained placenta important ?
can cause metritis , endometritis , pyometra
Cause of retained fetal membranes
-abortion
-dystocia
-inertia
-hypocalcaemia
-caesarean
-twins
-in mare breed
How would you treat a retained placenta in cow ?
-gentle removal
-parenteral antibiotics if clinically ill
-ecbolics - little effect
What are ecbolic drusg ?
stimulate uterine contractions
How would you treat retained foetal membranes in mare ?
-careful traction to remove - can use twisting method
-sometimes use ecbolic agents
-careful examination of membranes
How would you treat a bitch/queen with retained placenta ?
ecbolic agents
NSAIDs, parenteral antibiotic, fluid therapy
Reasons for recumbency /nerve damage
-hypocalcaemia
-hypomagnesaemia
-metritis
-mastitis
-leg/pelvic/nerve injury ( obturator nerve )
-rumen acidosis
How would you treat recumbency/nerve damage in the cow ?
-NSAIDs
-Hobbling
-nursing and attention to mammary glands important
What happens if embryo dies before organogenesis ?
resorption or possible pyometra
TRUE/FALSE ; mummification is common in the mare
false - there is a very short window for mummification in the mare because luteal - placental shift occurs much earlier than in the cow
What is the most common cause of pregnancy loss in the mare ?
multiple conceptuses - can be seen as on ultrasound ovaries will have multiple CL
What species have no placental shift ?
sow
doe
bitch
queen
rabbit
State and briefly describe anatomical causes of subfertility in females.
-ovarian hypoplasia - small ovary - birth defect
-reproductive dysplasia - uterus not developed properly
-free-martinism - usually sterile due to having both female and male characteristics
-persistent hymen -mare
-adhesions -ovario-bursal
-endometrial fibrosis - scarrig due to chronic inflammation
-cystic endometrial hyperplasia
-repro tract neoplasia
State and briefly describe ovary pathology .
-anovulatory anoestrus -lack of cyclicity /return to season associated with negative energy imbalance
-cystic ovarian disease - follicular struc that fail to ovulate and persist
-persistent CL
usually all have underlyign cause like lack of hormones
What does a lack of endometrial PGF2A do ?
lutolysis doesn’t occur as expected so CL persists
How would you diagnose ovary pathology ?
-hormone analysis - progesterone
-ovarian palpation
-ovarian ultrasound
How can you treat ovary pathology ?
-promote ovarian func - GnRH ECG (stimulate gonadotrophin release )
-mimic luteal phase - progesterone
-induce luteinisation /ovulation ( as both occur at same time ) - GnRH/LH
-induce luteolysis - if luteal tissue is present use prostaglandin F2A
State some repro-tract infections/inflammation
-endometritis
-cervivitis
-vaginitis
( post mating and post-partum -associated with retained fetal membranes , dystocia )
How to treat repro tract infections ?
-uterine catheter - local broad spec antibiotics
-stimulate uterine contractions
State some management issues that contribute towards infertility.
-oestrus detection
-timing of matinf /AI ( dog golden rule is 12 days when they ovulate but some dogs are outside of this )
-number of matings in queens
-expectations - ram:ewe ratio
-stress - heat , transport
Explain nutritional influences on infertility .
-negative energy imbalance - reduce gonadatrophin / IGF1
-specific mineral deficiencies
For animals that don’t have placental shift e.g sow what is the most common fetal death ?
mummification - after organogenesis
( resorption would occur before this )
What is most likely to happen in species with early luteal-placental shift e.g ewe ? and why
expulsion is more common as luteal placental shift occurs in a short period of time after organogenesis. Therefore theres a shorter window of time for mummification to occur.
State the different treatment options for dystocia .
-manipulative treatment
-drug therapy - ecbolic , calcium , tocolytic
-surgical - epidural anaesthesia , episiotomy, fetotomy ,caesarean
-euthanasia
When might you do a fetotomy over a caesarean ?
-if the dam is too debilitated to survive caesarean
-the fetus is dead
Why might you use a caesarean even if dytocia is correctable in a large litter ?
risk of secondary inertia or dam exhaustion if do manipulation instead
Why might you choose to do a caesarean ?
-fetus can’t be delivered by mutation or traction
-dystocia can be corrected but its a large litter
-uterine torsion or incomplete cervix dilation - that can’t fix
-when fetotomy would be traumatic and time consuming
-do for certain breeds e.g brachycephalics
Why does legislation require that all cattle abortions are reported to APHA ?
-could be Brucellosis - notifiable
What are some non-infectious causes of abortion in cattle ? with examples
-genetics - vertebral malformation , dyschondroplasia
-nutritional - mineral /trace element deficiency
-traumatic -injuries , hyperthermia , twinning
-toxic -nitrate poisoning , poisonous plants
-iatrogenic - prostaglandin
What are some infectious causes of abortion in cattle ? with examples
-viral - BVD,IBR
-protozoal - neospora canium
-fungal - aspergillus
-Bacterial - leptospira , salmonella , brucella
State some causes of maternal dystocia and how you’d treat them .
-uterine torsion - rolling , swinging calf , c -section
-incomplete dilation of cervix -(risk increase with parity -hypocalcaemia ) , feel tight band , calcium, manual dilation or c-section/fetotomy
-incomplete dilation of vulva - manual stretching , episiotomy , c-section/fetotomy ( common heifers )
You decide the dystocia can be solved and decide to deliver the calf what do you do ?
-use traction , make sure in position
-epidural/calcium / clenbuterol
-NSAIDS
You decide the dystocia is too bad and not to attempt vaginal delivery . What do you do ?
C-section/feototomy / euthanasia
NSAIDs
Why is the neonate different to the adult ?
-poor breathing
-limited ability to reg body temp
-poor regulation of fluid balance
-limited energy store
immune system is immature
Reasons for failure of passive transfer .
-poor quality colostrum
-poor intake by neonate
-immuno deficiency
How to treat poor MDA transfer ?
-donor colostrum
-hyperimmune plasma - commonly done in foals
What is the scoring system used to monitor new born neonates?
APGAR
A - activity - muscle tone
P- pulse - HR
G - grimace - response to stim
A- appearance - membrane colour
R - respiration - resp rate
Clinical signs of sick pup
-failure to gain weight -early indicator
-feels cold to touch
-skin inelastic
-thin ,bony
-empty stomach
-persistent crying
Clinical signs of equine neonatal sepsis
-injected sclerae
-aural petechiae
-coronary band hyphaemia
-umbilical pain
-joint swelling
-oral petechiae
Why do we need to consider vaccination success in the neonate ?
can’t vaccinate successfully until MDA are at low enough point . Can’t vaccinate too early ( always going to have a period of low antibodies )
Outline a clinical exam of the mammary gland .
-exam of gland skin
-palpation of gland - number teats and glands , size, texture , eveness
-exam of teat - skin crusting , ulceration ,discharge
-express milk - colour,odour
-milk production data
State some common mammary disorders
-udder sores - from skin to skin contact can cause abrasions and so infection
-ulcerative mammilitis - Bovine herpes virus 2
-teat hyperkeratosis - milking machine trauma
-mastitis
-mammary neoplasia - common in dog
-agalactia - lack of milk
How does agalactia occur ? how would you treat /
-Failure of milk production -due to inadequate mammary development - give metclopramide as its a prolactin agonist
-failure of milk let down - occurs as adrenaline blocks oxytocin release , give oxytocin to treat this
What is TNM ?
A way of classifying and staging mammary neoplasia in the bitch
T - size of tumour
N - regional lymph node is there metastasis- cytology FNA
M - distant metastasis - radiographs of chest
What changes associated with pregnancy may effect safe effective anaesthesia ?
-resp effects -not as much room in thorax for lungs to move due to pregnancy pushing diaphragm cranially so decrease function in residual capacity ( why pre oxygenation so important )
-cardio effects -increased cardiac output as need to supply for fetus /placenta as well as her own other body tissues - ( why don’t want too deep could compromise fetus - monitor bp)
-neurologically - sensitive to overdose with anesthetics
GI - delayed gastric emptying so usually have stomach with contents - so want to keep head up to limit regurg
What should you consider choosing and doing when giving anaesthesia for c-section to minimise risk ?
-short duration of action
-lowest possible dose
-oxygen - pre-oxygenate
-opiods
-local anaesthetics
-head up -reduce regurg
-monitor BP
-give fluids
Describe a basic protocol for anaesthesia for C section .
-pre med - opiod ( buprenorphine or methadone ) , antiemetic ( maropitant , will give slight analgesia )
-check anaesthesia equipment and offspring resus equipment - select breathing system , prep et tubes , warming devices
-place iv - 22g blue , 20g pink , 18g green , Iv fluids
-preoxygenate then induce anaesthesia - head elevated , use alfaxalone or propofol to induce
-maintain and monitor anaesthesia - give local anaesthetic ( line block ) before start
-NSAIDs at end
-recovery - additional analgesia - methadone or bup, pain score
-discharge- with NSAIDs
What conc of IgG in colostrum is considered good ?
50mg/ml
What can you do to assist a struggling neonate after dystocia ?
-stimulate resp - acidosis correction( put in sternal recumbency ) , stimulate nosotrils or cold water in ear , doxopram ( respiration stimulant
-assist thermoregulation - dry the animal , a lot of clean bedding , safe heat source
-increase blood volume - colostrum
Define fertility .
capability of producing offspring
Define sterile.
absolute inability to producing offspring
Define Infertility .
no good def
breeders expectation of outcome comes into it
not sterility
Reasons for infertility in the male.
-abnormalities of coitus - immaturity and inexperience , inability or unwillingness to mount , inability to achieve intromission , haemospermia
-failure of fertilisation - testicular disease, sperm abnormalities , epididymal lesions , accessory gland disease
Disadvantages of ovariectomy .
-if give exogenous hormones could somewhat encourage uterine disease as giving hormone back to the uterus means it will no longer be this small shrivelled inactive struc so can cause problems
- abnormal uterus - doesn’t correct this
-could leave ovarian remnant
Advantage of ovariohysterectomy
-can remove an abnormal uterus if present
TRUE/FALSE : if remove ovaries or testes can increase risk of neoplasia
TRUE
Advantages of prepubertal neutering
-easier
-never have inconvenient oestrus
Disadvantages of pre-pubertal neutering.
-small animal fewer fat reserves - greater risk of anaesthetic overdose
-delayed closure of growth plates - increased risk of physeal fractures
When do we spay the bitch in the cycle? and why ?
-12 weeks after oestrus - the pituitaries response to removal of ovary is to produce prolactin as progesterone has declined as the ovaries have been removed - this can increase risk of pseudopregnancy so want to wait and do it in anoestrus so wait 12 weeks after oestrus to be safe
-3 weeks post oestrus - in luteal phase before prolactin is “turned on “ - so doesn’t cause the same effect as above
Name some different types of surgical neutering and what species we commonly do them .
-orchiectomy (removal testes ) - most species
-vasectomy ( tying off vas deferens ) - teaser rams
-crush spermatic cord - calves
-induce ischaemic necrosis of scrotum - lambs
Why do we neuter male?
-eliminate/reduce male-like behaviour
-prevent breeding
-treatment of condition affecting testes and scrotum
-treatment of conditions stimulated by male hormones ( prostate disease , anal adenoma)
TRUE/FALSE in the stallion we use emasculators instead of ligatures for castration
TRUE
State some advantages and disadvantages of open technique in horse
-rapid
-good observation of vasculature
-good drainage - therefore good if contaminated
-herniation risk
State some advantages and disadvantages of closed castration in horse.
-rapid
-effective haemostasis
-peritoneal contamination minimised
-herniation risk reduced
-can’t see vasculature
State some advantages and disadvantages of modified technique in horse
-good haemostasis
-herniation risk reduced
-surgical closure if conditions are guaranteed clean
-more time consuming
What surgical castration technique is used in calf over 2 months /bull ?
-open technique by either lateral incisiom in each scrotum or cut at base ( remove distal scrotum
-use emasculators instead sutures
Why in calfs do we crush at different points with the burdizzo on each spermatic cord ?
to leave some blood supply to the scrotum so the scrotum doesn’t fall off
TRUE/FALSE = have to conduct a closed/modified technique on rodents
TRUE - have open inguinal canal - high risk of herniation
State some complications during surgery for neutering
-anaesthesia-related
-Bleeding - poor ligation technique
-damage to other organs - include ureter in cervical ligature in bitch
State complications during recovery
-herniation if omentum stallion
-eventration in stallion
State some complications shortly after neutering surgery
-wound inflammation
-scrotal haematoma
-infectionn
-wound breakdown
Long term complications of neutering surgery
-surgical instruments left behind
-pyogranuloma - in bitch
-incomplete removal of gonads
-increased risk of diseases - neoplasia , joint disease *depends on time of neutering
-body conformation changes e.g taller if neutered early , loss male characteristics -muscle
At what age do we neuter cats ?
4 months
What is the action of short term GnRH ?
-trigger ovulation by inducing LH surge
What is the action of long term GnRH
-initial stimulation then down regulates GnRH receptor - suppress HPG axis
Why might you use long action GnRH?
-control behaviour and fertility in male dogs
-control/supress oestrous behaviour
What is ECG ?
drug used as an alternative for FSH as there are few FSH specific products
Why might you use ECG ?
-part of oestrous induction regime
-superovulation
What is HCG ?
essentially LH surge in a bottle
LH has no specific products so use LH as has LH-like activity
Why might you use HCG?
-induce ovulation when animal in oestrus
-treat prolonged pro-oestrus in bitch
-deficiency of libido in male dogs
*not really used in cattle now
When would you use exogenous progestogens ?
-supress the HPG axis - to prevent oestrus , treat and prevent pseudopregnancy , or male conditions like unwanted behaviour
-inducing/synchronising oestrus
State some exogenous progestogens.
-flugestone
-proligestone
-megestrol
-altrenogest
What is Aglepristone and when can you only use it ?
-progesterone receptor antagonist
-only licensed for termination of pregnancy in dog
*however can terminate pregnancy in all species , induce parturition
TRUE/FALSE = oestrogens are not used for repro considerations and are used for control of urinary incontinence
TRUE
What does endogenous prostaglandin F2A do ?
lysis of mature cl
Why might we use prostaglandin F2a ?
-Terminate luteal phase to synchronise oestrus
-induce abortion
-induce parturition
-ecbolic effect
in what species does endogenous prolactin support CL func ?
-bitch
-pregnant queen
Why are prolactin inhibitors used?
-end luteal phase
-terminate pregnancy
-treat pyo
-reduce milk production and behaviour of pseudopregnancy
-reduce milk after weaning
What effect does melatonin have on ewes ?
brings on cyclicity /oestrus
What effect does melatonin have on mare/ferret/cat ?
supresses cyclicity /oestrus
What do progestrogens do in the male ?
-decrease testosterone
-supress spermatogenesis
What is deslorelin ?
-Depot GnRH
-goes up intially then causes its own down regulation of its own receptors
Why would we use GnRH and HCG in males ?
-to confirm presence of testicular tissue - rig test
Why might we want to control oestrus and ovulation in the ewe? and how
-stim cyclicity earlier in breeding season - melatonin, ram effect or progestogen sponges ( 14 days in combo with ECG/GnRH )
-synchronise breeding
Why might we want to control oestrus ad ovulation in cattle ? and how
-aid oestrus detection
-AI /mating - ovsynch (with or without P4 ) , Progestogen and PGF , 2 doses PGF 12 days apart
Why might we want to control oestrus and ovulation in sow ? and how ?
-synchronise sows and gilts- for batch farrowing -use progestogen 14-18 days ( with or without ECG just before P4 removal )
Why might we want to control oestrus and ovulation in mare ? and how ?
-supress oestrus - enable training and performance - repeated treatment of progestogen for 10-15 days
-stim early onset of cyclicity in the breeding season -daylight, oral progesterone for10 days
-management of AI/mating - progestogen, PGF if active CL , Hasten ovulation with HCG/GnRH
Why might we want to control oestrus and ovulation in the bitch ? and how ?
-prevent oestrus
-suppress oestrus -progesterone depot 6 months ( increase risk pyo if start in pro oestrus or oestrus ) , GnRH agonist implant , testosterone in greyhounds
-induce oestrus - prolactin inhibitors 2-5 weeks , GnRH agonist implant , HCG induce ovulation
Why might we want to control oestrus and ovulation in the queen ? and how ?
-prevent oestrus
-suppress oestrus - GnRH agonist implant , GnRH antagonist , melatonin implants
-induce oestrus - daylight , HCG to induce ovulation
How would you treat anovulatory anoestrus ?
-ovsynch
-ovsynch plus progestogen
-progesterone and eCG ( and/or GnRH , PGF)
How would you treat cystic ovarian disease ?
-GnRH induce lutenisation , followed by PGF2A =ovysynch if in follicular phase
-if in luteal - PGF2A
What is the most likely cause of persistent CL /prolonged dioestrus ?
-lack of endometrial PGF2A
How would you treat a persistent CL/prolonged dioestrus ?
-PGF2A to trigger luteolysis - return to oestrus with in 2-5 days
What is immuno-contraception? and examples of vaccines .
-vaccines against key repro proteins producing a contraceptive effect
-zona pellucida vaccines , anti-GnRH vaccines
How to treat pseudopregnancy /terminate pregnancy ?
-block action of progesterone - progesterone receptor antagonist
-terminate luteal func - prostaglandin F2A to cause luteolysis , prolactin inhibitor to remove prolactin induced luteal support
-mimic fetal signal - corticosteroids
What are the 3 venereal pathogens that we test for in the mare and stallion ?
-taylorella
-klebsiella
-pseudomonas
What is the uracus ?
communication between bladder and umbilicus
TRUE/FALSE = you can get congenital hernias
True
Treatment of umbilcal hernias
- if small enough usually resolve on own
- surgical intervention
-bands - fibrosis and scaring
How to spot a patent urachus in neonate ?
-presence or dribbling of urine out of umbilicus
