Immunology Flashcards
(43 cards)
What do these stand for and what is their func ? … DAMPs ,PAMPs
-Damage associate molecular patterns
pathogen associated molecular patterns
-they act as danger signals within the body
Describe SIRS ?
-SIRS stands for systemic inflammatory response syndrome
-its a dysregulated , self amplifying inflammatory response across whole body in response to multiple things e.g LPS ( from gram positive bacteria ) , bacteria toxins , burns , neoplasia and pancreatitis
Describe sepsis .
-Sepsis is SIRS with an infection
-pro and anti inflammatory mediators have been exacerbated
-can get severe and septic shock
Describe MODS .
-stands for multi-organ disfunction syndrome
- organ dysfunction to point where homeostasis can’t be maintained without intervention
-in acutely ill animals
-can get primary and secondary
Describe DIC .
-stands for disseminated intravascular coagulation
-pathological activation of coagulation
What’s the difference between Primary and secondary immunodeficiencies ?
Primary (CLAD and SCID) is inherited and secondary isn’t usually seen in healthy older animals that have had a physiological or pathological change to their immune system e.g older animal gets has less CD8 + receptors
How to test for TB ?
Single intradermal comparative cervical tuberculin test ( SICCT )
State some Inflammatory markers .
-fibrinogen
-C-reactive protein -in dog and pig
-serum amyloid A (SAA) - cat, horse , cow
-pig-MAP - in pigs
Name and briefly describe the different types of viral vaccines.
-inactivated - inactive virus still has antigens so still causes a response and promotes formation of antibodies
-attenuated - the virulence of a live virus is reduced so still causes response but not so much that it causes full blown infection
-sub-unit - just made up of the antigen e.g toxin
-Vectored - use modified virus with genetic material inside for the antigen so body makes antigen itself
-DNA - deliver the genetic material via a plasmid
-mRNA
Name and briefly describe bacterial vaccines .
-inactivated /killed - dead bacteria still has antigen
-attenuated - reduced infectiousness
-subunit - just use antigen e.g inactive toxins
-recombinant - modify bacteria to include gene that codes for antigen
What is an adjuvant ?
non-antigen component of a vaccine that enhances immunogenicity
Name some safety consideration with vaccines
-pre-licensing tests
-marketing authorisation license -VMD
-post licensing testing
Outline some adverse effects of vaccines .
-Feline injection site sarcoma (FISS)
-hypersensitivity reactions type 1(anaphylaxis ),2(bovine neonatal pancytopenia BNP, renal autoantibodies in cats ),3( cutaneous vasculitis -from rabies vaccine ) ,4 ( granuloma )
Why are some vaccines ineffective in neonatal/aged animals ?
-some neonates have a period called the immunity gap where their maternal antibodies stop inhibiting the antibodies they are producing . The maternal antibodies need to reduce in order to stop the inhibition so for a period of time they have a low amount of antibodies this is known as the immunity gap.
-senior cats -consider giving herpesvirus vaccine every year when older instead of every 3 as immune system is less effective the older their age
Name the different types of inflammatory disease with examples
-congenital e.g incomplete ossification of cuboidal bones
-developmental e.g osteochondritis dissecans , subchondral bone cyst
-degenerative e.g osteoarthritis , osteochondral fragmentation
-immune mediated e.g canine immune mediated polyarthritis
-infectious e.g septic arthritis
Name and briefly explain 3 ways joint sepsis is caused
-traumatic wound
-iatrogenic - when we inject into the wound - for that reason take aseptic precaution
-haematogenous -infection elsewhere causes bacteria in blood stream , bacteraemia and so migrates into joints as capillaries around joints are small so blood travels past slowly and bacteria adhere to membrane and get into joint , occurs in neonates
Name some common infections in the neonate that commonly cause bacteraemia .
umbilicus infection
lung infection
gut infection ( dirty stomach tubes )
How common is joint sepsis in each companion animal and what’s the common routes ?
-horse - common - trauma , haematogenous , iatrogenic
-farm - common - haematogenous
-SA- rare
How would you approach OA ? systemic , intraarticular
systemic
-NSAIDS
-Bisphosphonates ( equine )
-glycosaminoglycan derivatives - supplement joint cartilage
Intra-articular
-corticosteroids -some licensed horses
-glycosaminoglycan derivatives - poor evidence
-synthetic hydrogels -poor evidence
-biological products ( stem cells, IRAP, PRP)
How would you approach joint sepsis ? systemic, intra-articular , regional
systemic options
-antibiotics
-NSAIDS
Intra-articular options
-antibiotics
-opiods
Regional options ( intravenous regional perfusion )
-antibiotics
How would you approach immune mediated joint disease ? systemic
-corticosteroids
-immunomodulators
What’s something to consider when treating horse joint problems ?
withdrawal times
What two ways can an immune mediated disease come about ? with examples
-immune response targets body’s own healthy cells e.g pemphigus foliaceus - body attacks desmosomes in epithelium of skin
-failure of innate/adaptive immunity e.g complement C3 deficiency
state and briefly describe some examples of immune mediated disease in dogs
-auto-immune or immune-mediated haemolytic anaemia = damage to red cells
-immune-mediated thrombocytopenia - damage to platelets
-Immune-mediated polyarthritis - damage joint capsule
-addisons disease /hyperadrenocorticism - destruction of adrenal glands no mineral or gluco corticoids
-type 1 diabetes - destruction of pancreatic tissue no insulin
-hypothyroidism - destruction of thyroid follicular epithelium no thyroid hormone
-exocrine pancreatic insufficient - destruction of pancreatic exocrine glands no pancreatic digestive enzymes
