Immunology Flashcards
What do these stand for and what is their func ? … DAMPs ,PAMPs
-Damage associate molecular patterns
pathogen associated molecular patterns
-they act as danger signals within the body
Describe SIRS ?
-SIRS stands for systemic inflammatory response syndrome
-its a dysregulated , self amplifying inflammatory response across whole body in response to multiple things e.g LPS ( from gram positive bacteria ) , bacteria toxins , burns , neoplasia and pancreatitis
Describe sepsis .
-Sepsis is SIRS with an infection
-pro and anti inflammatory mediators have been exacerbated
-can get severe and septic shock
Describe MODS .
-stands for multi-organ disfunction syndrome
- organ dysfunction to point where homeostasis can’t be maintained without intervention
-in acutely ill animals
-can get primary and secondary
Describe DIC .
-stands for disseminated intravascular coagulation
-pathological activation of coagulation
What’s the difference between Primary and secondary immunodeficiencies ?
Primary (CLAD and SCID) is inherited and secondary isn’t usually seen in healthy older animals that have had a physiological or pathological change to their immune system e.g older animal gets has less CD8 + receptors
How to test for TB ?
Single intradermal comparative cervical tuberculin test ( SICCT )
State some Inflammatory markers .
-fibrinogen
-C-reactive protein -in dog and pig
-serum amyloid A (SAA) - cat, horse , cow
-pig-MAP - in pigs
Name and briefly describe the different types of viral vaccines.
-inactivated - inactive virus still has antigens so still causes a response and promotes formation of antibodies
-attenuated - the virulence of a live virus is reduced so still causes response but not so much that it causes full blown infection
-sub-unit - just made up of the antigen e.g toxin
-Vectored - use modified virus with genetic material inside for the antigen so body makes antigen itself
-DNA - deliver the genetic material via a plasmid
-mRNA
Name and briefly describe bacterial vaccines .
-inactivated /killed - dead bacteria still has antigen
-attenuated - reduced infectiousness
-subunit - just use antigen e.g inactive toxins
-recombinant - modify bacteria to include gene that codes for antigen
What is an adjuvant ?
non-antigen component of a vaccine that enhances immunogenicity
Name some safety consideration with vaccines
-pre-licensing tests
-marketing authorisation license -VMD
-post licensing testing
Outline some adverse effects of vaccines .
-Feline injection site sarcoma (FISS)
-hypersensitivity reactions type 1(anaphylaxis ),2(bovine neonatal pancytopenia BNP, renal autoantibodies in cats ),3( cutaneous vasculitis -from rabies vaccine ) ,4 ( granuloma )
Why are some vaccines ineffective in neonatal/aged animals ?
-some neonates have a period called the immunity gap where their maternal antibodies stop inhibiting the antibodies they are producing . The maternal antibodies need to reduce in order to stop the inhibition so for a period of time they have a low amount of antibodies this is known as the immunity gap.
-senior cats -consider giving herpesvirus vaccine every year when older instead of every 3 as immune system is less effective the older their age
Name the different types of inflammatory disease with examples
-congenital e.g incomplete ossification of cuboidal bones
-developmental e.g osteochondritis dissecans , subchondral bone cyst
-degenerative e.g osteoarthritis , osteochondral fragmentation
-immune mediated e.g canine immune mediated polyarthritis
-infectious e.g septic arthritis
Name and briefly explain 3 ways joint sepsis is caused
-traumatic wound
-iatrogenic - when we inject into the wound - for that reason take aseptic precaution
-haematogenous -infection elsewhere causes bacteria in blood stream , bacteraemia and so migrates into joints as capillaries around joints are small so blood travels past slowly and bacteria adhere to membrane and get into joint , occurs in neonates
Name some common infections in the neonate that commonly cause bacteraemia .
umbilicus infection
lung infection
gut infection ( dirty stomach tubes )
How common is joint sepsis in each companion animal and what’s the common routes ?
-horse - common - trauma , haematogenous , iatrogenic
-farm - common - haematogenous
-SA- rare
How would you approach OA ? systemic , intraarticular
systemic
-NSAIDS
-Bisphosphonates ( equine )
-glycosaminoglycan derivatives - supplement joint cartilage
Intra-articular
-corticosteroids -some licensed horses
-glycosaminoglycan derivatives - poor evidence
-synthetic hydrogels -poor evidence
-biological products ( stem cells, IRAP, PRP)
How would you approach joint sepsis ? systemic, intra-articular , regional
systemic options
-antibiotics
-NSAIDS
Intra-articular options
-antibiotics
-opiods
Regional options ( intravenous regional perfusion )
-antibiotics
How would you approach immune mediated joint disease ? systemic
-corticosteroids
-immunomodulators
What’s something to consider when treating horse joint problems ?
withdrawal times
What two ways can an immune mediated disease come about ? with examples
-immune response targets body’s own healthy cells e.g pemphigus foliaceus - body attacks desmosomes in epithelium of skin
-failure of innate/adaptive immunity e.g complement C3 deficiency
state and briefly describe some examples of immune mediated disease in dogs
-auto-immune or immune-mediated haemolytic anaemia = damage to red cells
-immune-mediated thrombocytopenia - damage to platelets
-Immune-mediated polyarthritis - damage joint capsule
-addisons disease /hyperadrenocorticism - destruction of adrenal glands no mineral or gluco corticoids
-type 1 diabetes - destruction of pancreatic tissue no insulin
-hypothyroidism - destruction of thyroid follicular epithelium no thyroid hormone
-exocrine pancreatic insufficient - destruction of pancreatic exocrine glands no pancreatic digestive enzymes
examples of IMD type 2 hypersensitivity ( immune mediated disease )
-IMHA - immune mediated haemoragic anemia
-Myasthenia gravis
examples of IMD type 3 hypersensitivity ( immune mediated disease )
-complexes can deposit in wall of small capillaries e.g glomerulus ( causing glomerulitis ) , synovium =synovial basement membrane ( causing polyarthritis ) , uveal tract ( causing uveitis)
example of IMD type 4 hypersensitivity ( immune mediated disease )
-hyperthyroidism
Why does immune mediated disease cause hypersensitivity reactions ?
a failure of peripheral tolerance means there at CD4+ t cells in the blood that are self-reactive
what triggers can cause secondary immune mediated disease ?
-drugs
e.g trimethoprim sulphonamides ( antibiotic ) bind to cells triggering a targeted immune response
carbimazole and methimazole
-neoplastic disease - ( triggers in IMHA and IMT )
-inflammation
-infection
What reasons can animals get immune mediated disease ?
ultimately something effecting immune tolerance
-age - older less t cells
- no trigger / idiopathic
-tiggered - drugs , neoplasia ,inflammation
what is the most common cause of immune mediated polyarthritis ?
idiopathic = type 1
What is an immunomodulatory drug ?
a drug that stimulates , supresses or modifies the immune system
Give some examples of immunomodulatory drugs ( specific and broad ) and briefly describe their action
-steroids - supress - supress leukocytes ,down-regulate expression of Fc receptors ( binding site for antibodies ) supress T cell func , B cell func , reduce antibody
-azathioprine - suppress
-chlorambucil
-mycophenolate - suppresses
-ciclosporin - specific T cell supressor
-leflunomide - inhibits DHODH
Name some naturally occuring supplements for IMD .
-omega 3 fatty acids - reduce production of inflammatory mediators
-vitamin E - antioxidative
-vitamin D - enhances innate immunity and modulates adaptive
-glutamine
Things to consider when giving Immunomodulatory drugs .
- is the damage in humoral mechanisms - antibodies
-is it in cellular mechanisms - T cell
How does pregnancy effect ADME ?
Absorption - reduced abdominal space , increased gastric ph
Distribution - additional compartment - change plasma volume , drugs high volume of distribution more likely to cross placenta
Metabolism - altered metabolism due to additional need for detoxification
Excretion - alkanosis/acidosis in dam can lead to alter excretion
What are some other consideration when selecting drugs for a pregnant patient ?
-licensed
-ion trapping - ions trapped in fetal blood from drug
-if absorbed orally likely to be trans-placental transfer
Considerations regarding lactation when selecting a drug .
- milk for human consumption - milk withdrawls
-licensing
-metabolic status of dam
-effect on neonate - lactation is a new route of elimination
What are the 3 underlying causes of joint sepsis in farm animals ?
-haematogenous spread
-trauma
-pathogens that target joints
What things would you consider before giving a vaccine ? SA
- age
-pregnancy/ lactation
-has caused problem before ?
-medical problems /allergies
What things would you consider before giving a vaccine ? farm
-pregnancy/lactation
-milk/meat withdrawals
-prev vaccinations
-disease status of herd/flock
-risk of infection
- timing - calving/lambing
-handler circumstances - pregnant , immunocompromised
-cost
What things would you consider before giving a vaccine ? equine
-competition animals - timing ,withdrawal
-prev vaccinations
-risk of infection - tetanus
-gov requirements
