Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

What do these stand for and what is their func ? … DAMPs ,PAMPs

A

-Damage associate molecular patterns
pathogen associated molecular patterns
-they act as danger signals within the body

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2
Q

Describe SIRS ?

A

-SIRS stands for systemic inflammatory response syndrome
-its a dysregulated , self amplifying inflammatory response across whole body in response to multiple things e.g LPS ( from gram positive bacteria ) , bacteria toxins , burns , neoplasia and pancreatitis

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3
Q

Describe sepsis .

A

-Sepsis is SIRS with an infection
-pro and anti inflammatory mediators have been exacerbated
-can get severe and septic shock

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4
Q

Describe MODS .

A

-stands for multi-organ disfunction syndrome
- organ dysfunction to point where homeostasis can’t be maintained without intervention
-in acutely ill animals
-can get primary and secondary

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5
Q

Describe DIC .

A

-stands for disseminated intravascular coagulation
-pathological activation of coagulation

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6
Q

What’s the difference between Primary and secondary immunodeficiencies ?

A

Primary (CLAD and SCID) is inherited and secondary isn’t usually seen in healthy older animals that have had a physiological or pathological change to their immune system e.g older animal gets has less CD8 + receptors

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7
Q

How to test for TB ?

A

Single intradermal comparative cervical tuberculin test ( SICCT )

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8
Q

State some Inflammatory markers .

A

-fibrinogen
-C-reactive protein -in dog and pig
-serum amyloid A (SAA) - cat, horse , cow
-pig-MAP - in pigs

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9
Q

Name and briefly describe the different types of viral vaccines.

A

-inactivated - inactive virus still has antigens so still causes a response and promotes formation of antibodies
-attenuated - the virulence of a live virus is reduced so still causes response but not so much that it causes full blown infection
-sub-unit - just made up of the antigen e.g toxin
-Vectored - use modified virus with genetic material inside for the antigen so body makes antigen itself
-DNA - deliver the genetic material via a plasmid
-mRNA

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10
Q

Name and briefly describe bacterial vaccines .

A

-inactivated /killed - dead bacteria still has antigen
-attenuated - reduced infectiousness
-subunit - just use antigen e.g inactive toxins
-recombinant - modify bacteria to include gene that codes for antigen

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11
Q

What is an adjuvant ?

A

non-antigen component of a vaccine that enhances immunogenicity

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12
Q

Name some safety consideration with vaccines

A

-pre-licensing tests
-marketing authorisation license -VMD
-post licensing testing

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13
Q

Outline some adverse effects of vaccines .

A

-Feline injection site sarcoma (FISS)
-hypersensitivity reactions type 1(anaphylaxis ),2(bovine neonatal pancytopenia BNP, renal autoantibodies in cats ),3( cutaneous vasculitis -from rabies vaccine ) ,4 ( granuloma )

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14
Q

Why are some vaccines ineffective in neonatal/aged animals ?

A

-some neonates have a period called the immunity gap where their maternal antibodies stop inhibiting the antibodies they are producing . The maternal antibodies need to reduce in order to stop the inhibition so for a period of time they have a low amount of antibodies this is known as the immunity gap.
-senior cats -consider giving herpesvirus vaccine every year when older instead of every 3 as immune system is less effective the older their age

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15
Q

Name the different types of inflammatory disease with examples

A

-congenital e.g incomplete ossification of cuboidal bones
-developmental e.g osteochondritis dissecans , subchondral bone cyst
-degenerative e.g osteoarthritis , osteochondral fragmentation
-immune mediated e.g canine immune mediated polyarthritis
-infectious e.g septic arthritis

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16
Q

Name and briefly explain 3 ways joint sepsis is caused

A

-traumatic wound
-iatrogenic - when we inject into the wound - for that reason take aseptic precaution
-haematogenous -infection elsewhere causes bacteria in blood stream , bacteraemia and so migrates into joints as capillaries around joints are small so blood travels past slowly and bacteria adhere to membrane and get into joint , occurs in neonates

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17
Q

Name some common infections in the neonate that commonly cause bacteraemia .

A

umbilicus infection
lung infection
gut infection ( dirty stomach tubes )

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18
Q

How common is joint sepsis in each companion animal and what’s the common routes ?

A

-horse - common - trauma , haematogenous , iatrogenic
-farm - common - haematogenous
-SA- rare

19
Q

How would you approach OA ? systemic , intraarticular

A

systemic
-NSAIDS
-Bisphosphonates ( equine )
-glycosaminoglycan derivatives - supplement joint cartilage

Intra-articular
-corticosteroids -some licensed horses
-glycosaminoglycan derivatives - poor evidence
-synthetic hydrogels -poor evidence
-biological products ( stem cells, IRAP, PRP)

20
Q

How would you approach joint sepsis ? systemic, intra-articular , regional

A

systemic options
-antibiotics
-NSAIDS

Intra-articular options
-antibiotics
-opiods

Regional options ( intravenous regional perfusion )
-antibiotics

21
Q

How would you approach immune mediated joint disease ? systemic

A

-corticosteroids
-immunomodulators

22
Q

What’s something to consider when treating horse joint problems ?

A

withdrawal times

23
Q

What two ways can an immune mediated disease come about ? with examples

A

-immune response targets body’s own healthy cells e.g pemphigus foliaceus - body attacks desmosomes in epithelium of skin
-failure of innate/adaptive immunity e.g complement C3 deficiency

24
Q

state and briefly describe some examples of immune mediated disease in dogs

A

-auto-immune or immune-mediated haemolytic anaemia = damage to red cells
-immune-mediated thrombocytopenia - damage to platelets
-Immune-mediated polyarthritis - damage joint capsule
-addisons disease /hyperadrenocorticism - destruction of adrenal glands no mineral or gluco corticoids
-type 1 diabetes - destruction of pancreatic tissue no insulin
-hypothyroidism - destruction of thyroid follicular epithelium no thyroid hormone
-exocrine pancreatic insufficient - destruction of pancreatic exocrine glands no pancreatic digestive enzymes

25
Q

examples of IMD type 2 hypersensitivity ( immune mediated disease )

A

-IMHA - immune mediated haemoragic anemia
-Myasthenia gravis

26
Q

examples of IMD type 3 hypersensitivity ( immune mediated disease )

A

-complexes can deposit in wall of small capillaries e.g glomerulus ( causing glomerulitis ) , synovium =synovial basement membrane ( causing polyarthritis ) , uveal tract ( causing uveitis)

27
Q

example of IMD type 4 hypersensitivity ( immune mediated disease )

A

-hyperthyroidism

28
Q

Why does immune mediated disease cause hypersensitivity reactions ?

A

a failure of peripheral tolerance means there at CD4+ t cells in the blood that are self-reactive

29
Q

what triggers can cause secondary immune mediated disease ?

A

-drugs
e.g trimethoprim sulphonamides ( antibiotic ) bind to cells triggering a targeted immune response
carbimazole and methimazole
-neoplastic disease - ( triggers in IMHA and IMT )
-inflammation
-infection

30
Q

What reasons can animals get immune mediated disease ?

A

ultimately something effecting immune tolerance
-age - older less t cells
- no trigger / idiopathic
-tiggered - drugs , neoplasia ,inflammation

31
Q

what is the most common cause of immune mediated polyarthritis ?

A

idiopathic = type 1

32
Q

What is an immunomodulatory drug ?

A

a drug that stimulates , supresses or modifies the immune system

33
Q

Give some examples of immunomodulatory drugs ( specific and broad ) and briefly describe their action

A

-steroids - supress - supress leukocytes ,down-regulate expression of Fc receptors ( binding site for antibodies ) supress T cell func , B cell func , reduce antibody
-azathioprine - suppress
-chlorambucil
-mycophenolate - suppresses
-ciclosporin - specific T cell supressor
-leflunomide - inhibits DHODH

34
Q

Name some naturally occuring supplements for IMD .

A

-omega 3 fatty acids - reduce production of inflammatory mediators
-vitamin E - antioxidative
-vitamin D - enhances innate immunity and modulates adaptive
-glutamine

35
Q

Things to consider when giving Immunomodulatory drugs .

A
  • is the damage in humoral mechanisms - antibodies
    -is it in cellular mechanisms - T cell
36
Q

How does pregnancy effect ADME ?

A

Absorption - reduced abdominal space , increased gastric ph
Distribution - additional compartment - change plasma volume , drugs high volume of distribution more likely to cross placenta
Metabolism - altered metabolism due to additional need for detoxification
Excretion - alkanosis/acidosis in dam can lead to alter excretion

37
Q

What are some other consideration when selecting drugs for a pregnant patient ?

A

-licensed
-ion trapping - ions trapped in fetal blood from drug
-if absorbed orally likely to be trans-placental transfer

38
Q

Considerations regarding lactation when selecting a drug .

A
  • milk for human consumption - milk withdrawls
    -licensing
    -metabolic status of dam
    -effect on neonate
  • lactation is a new route of elimination
39
Q

What are the 3 underlying causes of joint sepsis in farm animals ?

A

-haematogenous spread
-trauma
-pathogens that target joints

40
Q

What things would you consider before giving a vaccine ? SA

A
  • age
    -pregnancy/ lactation
    -has caused problem before ?
    -medical problems /allergies
41
Q

What things would you consider before giving a vaccine ? farm

A

-pregnancy/lactation
-milk/meat withdrawals
-prev vaccinations
-disease status of herd/flock
-risk of infection
- timing - calving/lambing
-handler circumstances - pregnant , immunocompromised
-cost

42
Q

What things would you consider before giving a vaccine ? equine

A

-competition animals - timing ,withdrawal
-prev vaccinations
-risk of infection - tetanus
-gov requirements

43
Q
A