Neoplasia Flashcards
Characteristics of benign tumours
-non-invasive
-slow-growing mass
-good demarcation
-minimal necrosis
-capsule
Characteristic of malignant tumour .
-can grow rapidly
-invasive
-can spread - metastasis
-more necrosis
-no capsule
Cytological features of benign tumours
-not much variation in size (anisocytosis) and shape (pleiomorphism) of cells of same type
-nuclear: cytoplasmic - normal-reduced
-not much variation in size and shape of nuclei of cells of same type ( anisokaryosis)
-low mitotic rate - usually no mitotic figures
-no necrosis/minimal
Cytological features of malignant
-a lot anisocytosis (size) and pleiomorphism (shape) of cells of same type
-big nuclei
-anisokaryosis of nuclei ( usually multiple nuclei)
-high mitotic rate with mitotic figures
What is the end given to mesenchymal (connective tissue and muscle ) , endothelial and haematopoietic benign tumours ?
oma
What do we call a glandular epithelium benign tumour?
adenoma
What do we call a protective epithelium(squamous , transitional ) benign tumour ?
papilloma
What ending do we use for nervous tissue/round cell benign tumours ?
oma
What ending do we give mesenchymal(connective tissue, muscle ) and endothelial malignant tumours ?
sarcoma
What name do we give malignant glandular epithelium tumour ?
adenocarcinoma
What name do we give a malignant protective epithelium tumour ( squamous or transitional ) ?
carcinoma
How do we name a malignant nervous tissue and round cell tumour ?
like how you name for benign with oma at end but put malignant in front
What are oncogenes and how do they cause neoplasia ?
oncogenes are mutated proto-oncogenes
proto-oncognes - regulate cell divison
the oncogenes produce oncoproteins that promote cell growth without normal control signals
What are tumour suppressor gene and how can they cause cancer ?
-supress proliferation or induce cell death
-if mutation in this gene can cause neoplasia
TRUE/FALSE lots of things have to go wrong for neoplasia to occur ( not single cause )
true
Oncogenesis
process of normal to cancerous cells
Whats the difference between a mutagen and carcinogen ?
agent that damages DNA
carcinogen = mutagen that causes neoplasia
Name and briefly describe factors of mutagenesis
-intrinsic -normal bi-products of cell metabolism that cause DNA damage
-extrinsic
environmental - chemical ( direct or indirect -indirect need activation by enzyme ) , physical ( radiation )
oncogenic viruses - mutation in viral gene cause neoplasia in host cell , insertion of viral DNA into host cell , suppress host immune response , stim host cell proliferation
What might a space-occupying lesion present with and why ?
animal can present with …
-neurological signs - if brain tumour pressing on brain
-vomiting,anorexia - intestinal lymphoma - obstruct GI tract
-lameness - e.g osteosarcomas cause bone destruction - painful
Why might bleeding of a mass occur and how would this present ?
- ulcerates - chronic low-level bleeding - might see melaena, haematemesis, lethargy
-ruptures - acute haemorrhage - present collapsed
What are paraneoplastic syndromes ?
symptoms due to products of tumour cells
Where might you see effusion as a result of a tumour ?
-pericardial
-pleural
-abdominal
Why could an animal present with infection as a result of a tumour ?
occur secondary to necrosis
What tumour is associated with hypercalcaemia and how would this present ?
-lymphoma , anal carcinoma
-inapetance , polydipsia, vomiting
What tumour is associated with hypoglycaemia and how would this present ?
-insulinoma
-weakness, ataxia, seizures
TRUE/FALSE cancer is the most common cause of hypercalcaemia
true - tumour release parathyroid related protein - acts on bone and kidney to release calcium into blood
TRUE/FALSE melanomas are highly metastatic
true
TRUE/FALSE squamous cell carcinoma is poorly metastatic
true
In what pathways can tumours metastasise ?
-blood - haematogenous
-lymphatic
-transcoelomic - across surface of abdominal and thoracic surfaces
How will you diagnose a tumour ?
biopsy
Name 3 kinds of biopsy
Fine needle aspirate
incisional biopsy - before surgical removal
excisional biopsy - after surgical removal
How can we grade a tumour ?
surgical biopsy - histopathology
How do we know a tumour is malignant ?
-cells not where they should be
-variable size * exception lymph node
-high nuclear: cytoplasmic ratio
-variation shape/size of nucleus
-multiple nuclei
-clumped chromatin
-mitotic figures
-basophilla/hyperchromasia in cytoplasm
What would you expect to see in cytology of a reactive hyperplasia ?
-cytologically indistinguishable to normal
What does MCV tell us ?
red cell size and variation
What does MCHC tell us ?
colour of red blood cell - haemoglobinisation
TRUE/FALSE PCV=MCV x RBCC
true
State and briefly describe the 3 types of anaemia - MCV and MCHC
-normocytic normochromic - normal size , colour
-macrocytic hypochrmic - big , pale
-microcytic hypochromic - small , pale
Why might PCV,Hgb and RBC be high ( polycythaemia ) ?
- decrease in fluid in circulation - dehydration
-increase RBC production
TRUE/FALSE ruminants and horses have virtually no reticulocytes in normal blood
true
What is indicative of immune-mediated haemolytic anaemia ?
agglutination
What factors can switch neutrophils from marginal pools to circulating pools ?
-epinephrine
-glucocorticoids
-infection
-stress
