Neoplasia Flashcards

1
Q

Characteristics of benign tumours

A

-non-invasive
-slow-growing mass
-good demarcation
-minimal necrosis
-capsule

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2
Q

Characteristic of malignant tumour .

A

-can grow rapidly
-invasive
-can spread - metastasis
-more necrosis
-no capsule

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3
Q

Cytological features of benign tumours

A

-not much variation in size (anisocytosis) and shape (pleiomorphism) of cells of same type
-nuclear: cytoplasmic - normal-reduced
-not much variation in size and shape of nuclei of cells of same type ( anisokaryosis)
-low mitotic rate - usually no mitotic figures
-no necrosis/minimal

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4
Q

Cytological features of malignant

A

-a lot anisocytosis (size) and pleiomorphism (shape) of cells of same type
-big nuclei
-anisokaryosis of nuclei ( usually multiple nuclei)
-high mitotic rate with mitotic figures

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5
Q

What is the end given to mesenchymal (connective tissue and muscle ) , endothelial and haematopoietic benign tumours ?

A

oma

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6
Q

What do we call a glandular epithelium benign tumour?

A

adenoma

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7
Q

What do we call a protective epithelium(squamous , transitional ) benign tumour ?

A

papilloma

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8
Q

What ending do we use for nervous tissue/round cell benign tumours ?

A

oma

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9
Q

What ending do we give mesenchymal(connective tissue, muscle ) and endothelial malignant tumours ?

A

sarcoma

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10
Q

What name do we give malignant glandular epithelium tumour ?

A

adenocarcinoma

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11
Q

What name do we give a malignant protective epithelium tumour ( squamous or transitional ) ?

A

carcinoma

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12
Q

How do we name a malignant nervous tissue and round cell tumour ?

A

like how you name for benign with oma at end but put malignant in front

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13
Q

What are oncogenes and how do they cause neoplasia ?

A

oncogenes are mutated proto-oncogenes
proto-oncognes - regulate cell divison
the oncogenes produce oncoproteins that promote cell growth without normal control signals

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14
Q

What are tumour suppressor gene and how can they cause cancer ?

A

-supress proliferation or induce cell death
-if mutation in this gene can cause neoplasia

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15
Q

TRUE/FALSE lots of things have to go wrong for neoplasia to occur ( not single cause )

A

true

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16
Q

Oncogenesis

A

process of normal to cancerous cells

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17
Q

Whats the difference between a mutagen and carcinogen ?

A

agent that damages DNA
carcinogen = mutagen that causes neoplasia

18
Q

Name and briefly describe factors of mutagenesis

A

-intrinsic -normal bi-products of cell metabolism that cause DNA damage

-extrinsic
environmental - chemical ( direct or indirect -indirect need activation by enzyme ) , physical ( radiation )
oncogenic viruses - mutation in viral gene cause neoplasia in host cell , insertion of viral DNA into host cell , suppress host immune response , stim host cell proliferation

19
Q

What might a space-occupying lesion present with and why ?

A

animal can present with …
-neurological signs - if brain tumour pressing on brain
-vomiting,anorexia - intestinal lymphoma - obstruct GI tract
-lameness - e.g osteosarcomas cause bone destruction - painful

20
Q

Why might bleeding of a mass occur and how would this present ?

A
  • ulcerates - chronic low-level bleeding - might see melaena, haematemesis, lethargy
    -ruptures - acute haemorrhage - present collapsed
21
Q

What are paraneoplastic syndromes ?

A

symptoms due to products of tumour cells

22
Q

Where might you see effusion as a result of a tumour ?

A

-pericardial
-pleural
-abdominal

23
Q

Why could an animal present with infection as a result of a tumour ?

A

occur secondary to necrosis

24
Q

What tumour is associated with hypercalcaemia and how would this present ?

A

-lymphoma , anal carcinoma
-inapetance , polydipsia, vomiting

25
What tumour is associated with hypoglycaemia and how would this present ?
-insulinoma -weakness, ataxia, seizures
26
TRUE/FALSE cancer is the most common cause of hypercalcaemia
true - tumour release parathyroid related protein - acts on bone and kidney to release calcium into blood
27
TRUE/FALSE melanomas are highly metastatic
true
28
TRUE/FALSE squamous cell carcinoma is poorly metastatic
true
29
In what pathways can tumours metastasise ?
-blood - haematogenous -lymphatic -transcoelomic - across surface of abdominal and thoracic surfaces
30
How will you diagnose a tumour ?
biopsy
31
Name 3 kinds of biopsy
Fine needle aspirate incisional biopsy - before surgical removal excisional biopsy - after surgical removal
32
How can we grade a tumour ?
surgical biopsy - histopathology
33
How do we know a tumour is malignant ?
-cells not where they should be -variable size * exception lymph node -high nuclear: cytoplasmic ratio -variation shape/size of nucleus -multiple nuclei -clumped chromatin -mitotic figures -basophilla/hyperchromasia in cytoplasm
34
What would you expect to see in cytology of a reactive hyperplasia ?
-cytologically indistinguishable to normal
35
What does MCV tell us ?
red cell size and variation
36
What does MCHC tell us ?
colour of red blood cell - haemoglobinisation
37
TRUE/FALSE PCV=MCV x RBCC
true
38
State and briefly describe the 3 types of anaemia - MCV and MCHC
-normocytic normochromic - normal size , colour -macrocytic hypochrmic - big , pale -microcytic hypochromic - small , pale
39
Why might PCV,Hgb and RBC be high ( polycythaemia ) ?
- decrease in fluid in circulation - dehydration -increase RBC production
40
TRUE/FALSE ruminants and horses have virtually no reticulocytes in normal blood
true
41
What is indicative of immune-mediated haemolytic anaemia ?
agglutination
42
What factors can switch neutrophils from marginal pools to circulating pools ?
-epinephrine -glucocorticoids -infection -stress