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FCP > Neoplasia > Flashcards

Neoplasia Flashcards

1
Q

Characteristics of benign tumours

A

-non-invasive
-slow-growing mass
-good demarcation
-minimal necrosis
-capsule

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2
Q

Characteristic of malignant tumour .

A

-can grow rapidly
-invasive
-can spread - metastasis
-more necrosis
-no capsule

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3
Q

Cytological features of benign tumours

A

-not much variation in size (anisocytosis) and shape (pleiomorphism) of cells of same type
-nuclear: cytoplasmic - normal-reduced
-not much variation in size and shape of nuclei of cells of same type ( anisokaryosis)
-low mitotic rate - usually no mitotic figures
-no necrosis/minimal

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4
Q

Cytological features of malignant

A

-a lot anisocytosis (size) and pleiomorphism (shape) of cells of same type
-big nuclei
-anisokaryosis of nuclei ( usually multiple nuclei)
-high mitotic rate with mitotic figures

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5
Q

What is the end given to mesenchymal (connective tissue and muscle ) , endothelial and haematopoietic benign tumours ?

A

oma

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6
Q

What do we call a glandular epithelium benign tumour?

A

adenoma

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7
Q

What do we call a protective epithelium(squamous , transitional ) benign tumour ?

A

papilloma

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8
Q

What ending do we use for nervous tissue/round cell benign tumours ?

A

oma

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9
Q

What ending do we give mesenchymal(connective tissue, muscle ) and endothelial malignant tumours ?

A

sarcoma

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10
Q

What name do we give malignant glandular epithelium tumour ?

A

adenocarcinoma

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11
Q

What name do we give a malignant protective epithelium tumour ( squamous or transitional ) ?

A

carcinoma

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12
Q

How do we name a malignant nervous tissue and round cell tumour ?

A

like how you name for benign with oma at end but put malignant in front

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13
Q

What are oncogenes and how do they cause neoplasia ?

A

oncogenes are mutated proto-oncogenes
proto-oncognes - regulate cell divison
the oncogenes produce oncoproteins that promote cell growth without normal control signals

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14
Q

What are tumour suppressor gene and how can they cause cancer ?

A

-supress proliferation or induce cell death
-if mutation in this gene can cause neoplasia

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15
Q

TRUE/FALSE lots of things have to go wrong for neoplasia to occur ( not single cause )

A

true

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16
Q

Oncogenesis

A

process of normal to cancerous cells

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17
Q

Whats the difference between a mutagen and carcinogen ?

A

agent that damages DNA
carcinogen = mutagen that causes neoplasia

18
Q

Name and briefly describe factors of mutagenesis

A

-intrinsic -normal bi-products of cell metabolism that cause DNA damage

-extrinsic
environmental - chemical ( direct or indirect -indirect need activation by enzyme ) , physical ( radiation )
oncogenic viruses - mutation in viral gene cause neoplasia in host cell , insertion of viral DNA into host cell , suppress host immune response , stim host cell proliferation

19
Q

What might a space-occupying lesion present with and why ?

A

animal can present with …
-neurological signs - if brain tumour pressing on brain
-vomiting,anorexia - intestinal lymphoma - obstruct GI tract
-lameness - e.g osteosarcomas cause bone destruction - painful

20
Q

Why might bleeding of a mass occur and how would this present ?

A
  • ulcerates - chronic low-level bleeding - might see melaena, haematemesis, lethargy
    -ruptures - acute haemorrhage - present collapsed
21
Q

What are paraneoplastic syndromes ?

A

symptoms due to products of tumour cells

22
Q

Where might you see effusion as a result of a tumour ?

A

-pericardial
-pleural
-abdominal

23
Q

Why could an animal present with infection as a result of a tumour ?

A

occur secondary to necrosis

24
Q

What tumour is associated with hypercalcaemia and how would this present ?

A

-lymphoma , anal carcinoma
-inapetance , polydipsia, vomiting

25
Q

What tumour is associated with hypoglycaemia and how would this present ?

A

-insulinoma
-weakness, ataxia, seizures

26
Q

TRUE/FALSE cancer is the most common cause of hypercalcaemia

A

true - tumour release parathyroid related protein - acts on bone and kidney to release calcium into blood

27
Q

TRUE/FALSE melanomas are highly metastatic

A

true

28
Q

TRUE/FALSE squamous cell carcinoma is poorly metastatic

A

true

29
Q

In what pathways can tumours metastasise ?

A

-blood - haematogenous
-lymphatic
-transcoelomic - across surface of abdominal and thoracic surfaces

30
Q

How will you diagnose a tumour ?

A

biopsy

31
Q

Name 3 kinds of biopsy

A

Fine needle aspirate
incisional biopsy - before surgical removal
excisional biopsy - after surgical removal

32
Q

How can we grade a tumour ?

A

surgical biopsy - histopathology

33
Q

How do we know a tumour is malignant ?

A

-cells not where they should be
-variable size * exception lymph node
-high nuclear: cytoplasmic ratio
-variation shape/size of nucleus
-multiple nuclei
-clumped chromatin
-mitotic figures
-basophilla/hyperchromasia in cytoplasm

34
Q

What would you expect to see in cytology of a reactive hyperplasia ?

A

-cytologically indistinguishable to normal

35
Q

What does MCV tell us ?

A

red cell size and variation

36
Q

What does MCHC tell us ?

A

colour of red blood cell - haemoglobinisation

37
Q

TRUE/FALSE PCV=MCV x RBCC

A

true

38
Q

State and briefly describe the 3 types of anaemia - MCV and MCHC

A

-normocytic normochromic - normal size , colour
-macrocytic hypochrmic - big , pale
-microcytic hypochromic - small , pale

39
Q

Why might PCV,Hgb and RBC be high ( polycythaemia ) ?

A
  • decrease in fluid in circulation - dehydration
    -increase RBC production
40
Q

TRUE/FALSE ruminants and horses have virtually no reticulocytes in normal blood

A

true

41
Q

What is indicative of immune-mediated haemolytic anaemia ?

A

agglutination

42
Q

What factors can switch neutrophils from marginal pools to circulating pools ?

A

-epinephrine
-glucocorticoids
-infection
-stress

FCP (24 decks)

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