Infectious disease Flashcards
How do you differentiate between acute and chronic inflammation ?
acute - neutrophills - pus
chronic - macrophages - granulomas
what’s the toxic line ?
purple line in gums near teeth in horses - seen when they have infection.
What do mucous membranes sometimes look like when an animal is systemically infected ?
brick/dark red
What changes would you expect to see in the blood if an infection is present ?
-neutrophills - number , left shift , toxic change
-acute phase proteins - e.g fibrinogen , CRP , SAA, Haptoglobin
-cardiovascular - acid base - due to metabolic acidosis and lactate -septic shock
-coagulopathy - platelets, coagulation times , FDPs - occurs in sepsis
Why does your interpretation of neutropenia change between species ?
all have different amount of marrow reserves e.g cows have low reserves so neutropenia doesn’t really show severity
What can cause a shift from neutrophils being in marginal or circulating pools ?
-epinephrine
-glucocorticoids
-infection
-stress
Define regenerative left shift .
-more segmented than immature
-neutrophils are high
Define degenerative left shift .
-more immature than segmented
why does toxic change occur as a result of infection ?
-cytokine release which causes a speed up of maturation and production of neutrophills
What would you expect to see in a neutrophil undergoing toxic change ?
-foamy cytoplasm
-cytoplasm has purple flecks ( with H and E ) - toxic granulation
- basophillic cytoplasm - more blue
- vacuoles
-Dohle bodies - pale blue bits in cytoplasm
What are the two types of toxic change
-non degenerative - typical toxic change signs
-degenerative
swelling , pale , badly structured
How do acute phase proteins show disease ?
conc changes in response to inflammatory cytokines
Some clinical signs of lower UTI
-straining to urinate
-urine scalding
-bloody-discoloured urine
-bladder painful and often empty
-abdominal pain
licking around vulva/prepuce
What tests would you do for lower UTI ?
-urinalysis
-urine sediment
What antibiotics are you likely to use to treat cystitis ?
-amoxicillin
-clavulanate
What would you suspect or have to rule out if there is reinfection with a UTI?
-immuno-supressed
-cushings
-incontinent - ectopic ureters
What are some common signs of acute viral infection ?
pyrexia,depression , anorexia
What is indicative of a virus on cytology ?
inclusion bodies = virus factory within the cell
state one way a viral infection can present .
-immunosupression
-cancer
-inflammatory response
Whats a common way to diagnose viruses ?
-clinical signs -symptomatically
-PCR
How are viruses controlled ?
-biosecurity
-vaccination
Name some clinical signs of prion diseases .
weight loss
behaviour changes - flighty , dull
licking lips
pruritus ( scrapie )
posture , gait
ataxia, tremors
none - found dead
How are prion diseases caused ?
misfolding of cellular prion protein ( PrPc) creates a PrPsc which congregate in neuronal tissue causing cell death
How do we control infectious disease in small mammals ?
-reduce stocking density
-improve ventilation
-routine surveillance
-preventative medicine - vaccines
-biosecurity - closed groups, handwashing , barrier nurses
-isolating infected animals
-quarantine and test new animals
