Infectious disease

Question 1

How do you differentiate between acute and chronic inflammation ?

Answer 1

acute - neutrophills - pus
chronic - macrophages - granulomas

Question 2

what’s the toxic line ?

Answer 2

purple line in gums near teeth in horses - seen when they have infection.

Question 3

What do mucous membranes sometimes look like when an animal is systemically infected ?

Answer 3

brick/dark red

Question 4

What changes would you expect to see in the blood if an infection is present ?

Answer 4

-neutrophills - number , left shift , toxic change
-acute phase proteins - e.g fibrinogen , CRP , SAA, Haptoglobin
-cardiovascular - acid base - due to metabolic acidosis and lactate -septic shock
-coagulopathy - platelets, coagulation times , FDPs - occurs in sepsis

Question 5

Why does your interpretation of neutropenia change between species ?

Answer 5

all have different amount of marrow reserves e.g cows have low reserves so neutropenia doesn’t really show severity

Question 6

What can cause a shift from neutrophils being in marginal or circulating pools ?

Answer 6

-epinephrine
-glucocorticoids
-infection
-stress

Question 7

Define regenerative left shift .

Answer 7

-more segmented than immature
-neutrophils are high

Question 8

Define degenerative left shift .

Answer 8

-more immature than segmented

Question 9

why does toxic change occur as a result of infection ?

Answer 9

-cytokine release which causes a speed up of maturation and production of neutrophills

Question 10

What would you expect to see in a neutrophil undergoing toxic change ?

Answer 10

-foamy cytoplasm
-cytoplasm has purple flecks ( with H and E ) - toxic granulation
- basophillic cytoplasm - more blue
- vacuoles
-Dohle bodies - pale blue bits in cytoplasm

Question 11

What are the two types of toxic change

Answer 11

-non degenerative - typical toxic change signs
-degenerative
swelling , pale , badly structured

Question 12

How do acute phase proteins show disease ?

Answer 12

conc changes in response to inflammatory cytokines

Question 13

Some clinical signs of lower UTI

Answer 13

-straining to urinate
-urine scalding
-bloody-discoloured urine
-bladder painful and often empty
-abdominal pain
licking around vulva/prepuce

Question 14

What tests would you do for lower UTI ?

Answer 14

-urinalysis
-urine sediment

Question 15

What antibiotics are you likely to use to treat cystitis ?

Answer 15

-amoxicillin
-clavulanate

Question 16

What would you suspect or have to rule out if there is reinfection with a UTI?

Answer 16

-immuno-supressed
-cushings
-incontinent - ectopic ureters

Question 17

What are some common signs of acute viral infection ?

Answer 17

pyrexia,depression , anorexia

Question 18

What is indicative of a virus on cytology ?

Answer 18

inclusion bodies = virus factory within the cell

Question 19

state one way a viral infection can present .

Answer 19

-immunosupression
-cancer
-inflammatory response

Question 20

Whats a common way to diagnose viruses ?

Answer 20

-clinical signs -symptomatically
-PCR

Question 21

How are viruses controlled ?

Answer 21

-biosecurity
-vaccination

Question 22

Name some clinical signs of prion diseases .

Answer 22

weight loss
behaviour changes - flighty , dull
licking lips
pruritus ( scrapie )
posture , gait
ataxia, tremors
none - found dead

Question 23

How are prion diseases caused ?

Answer 23

misfolding of cellular prion protein ( PrPc) creates a PrPsc which congregate in neuronal tissue causing cell death

Question 24

How do we control infectious disease in small mammals ?

Answer 24

-reduce stocking density
-improve ventilation
-routine surveillance
-preventative medicine - vaccines
-biosecurity - closed groups, handwashing , barrier nurses
-isolating infected animals
-quarantine and test new animals

Question 25

What to consider when choosing antibiotics ?

Answer 25

-are antibiotics needed ?
-likely bacteria involved ?
-are they safe ?
-are they effective ?
-are they licensed ?
-are they first line ?

Question 26

Safe drugs for small mammals

Answer 26

Medication For Treating Small Mammals
Metronidazole
Fluroquinolones ( except pradofloxacin )
Tetracyclines
Sulfonamides
Macrolides ( except erythromycin )

Question 27

What drugs should you worry about where you place them in small animals?

Answer 27

PLACE

Penicillins - NOT ingested
Lincosamides
Aminoglycosides
Cephalosporins
Erythromycin

Question 28

What should you not give rabbits orally ?

Answer 28

co-amoxyclav

Question 29

List some treatments for gut stasis

Answer 29

-analgesia
-syringe feeds
-prokinetics - get the gut moving e.g metoclopramide , ranitidine , cisapride

Question 30

What 3 ways can fungi cause disease ?

Answer 30

-tissue invasion (mycosis)
-toxin production (mycotoxicosis )
-induction of hypersensitivity

Question 31

What dermatophysosis mean ? with example

Answer 31

a type of superficial mycosis caused by dermatophytes
-ringworm

Question 32

What does dermatomycosis mean ?with example

Answer 32

a type of superficial mycosis caused by non-dermatophytic fungi
-malassezia

Question 33

Give an example of systemic mycosis .

Answer 33

cryptococcosis

Question 34

Name the 3 kinds of mycosis .

Answer 34

-superficial
-subcutaneous
-systemic

Question 35

What is a dermatophyte ?

Answer 35

pathogenic fungi

Question 36

Pi animal

Answer 36

persistent infective animal - keep shedding virus even with vaccine as they recognise it as self so don’t produce antibodies

Question 37

How does Pi animal come about ?

Answer 37

mum introduced to virus at certain point in pregnancy that crosses placental

Question 38

What 3 diseases in farm animals are indicative of brain malformations ?

Answer 38

-BVD
-schmallenberg
-blue tongue