Infectious disease Flashcards
How do you differentiate between acute and chronic inflammation ?
acute - neutrophills - pus
chronic - macrophages - granulomas
what’s the toxic line ?
purple line in gums near teeth in horses - seen when they have infection.
What do mucous membranes sometimes look like when an animal is systemically infected ?
brick/dark red
What changes would you expect to see in the blood if an infection is present ?
-neutrophills - number , left shift , toxic change
-acute phase proteins - e.g fibrinogen , CRP , SAA, Haptoglobin
-cardiovascular - acid base - due to metabolic acidosis and lactate -septic shock
-coagulopathy - platelets, coagulation times , FDPs - occurs in sepsis
Why does your interpretation of neutropenia change between species ?
all have different amount of marrow reserves e.g cows have low reserves so neutropenia doesn’t really show severity
What can cause a shift from neutrophils being in marginal or circulating pools ?
-epinephrine
-glucocorticoids
-infection
-stress
Define regenerative left shift .
-more segmented than immature
-neutrophils are high
Define degenerative left shift .
-more immature than segmented
why does toxic change occur as a result of infection ?
-cytokine release which causes a speed up of maturation and production of neutrophills
What would you expect to see in a neutrophil undergoing toxic change ?
-foamy cytoplasm
-cytoplasm has purple flecks ( with H and E ) - toxic granulation
- basophillic cytoplasm - more blue
- vacuoles
-Dohle bodies - pale blue bits in cytoplasm
What are the two types of toxic change
-non degenerative - typical toxic change signs
-degenerative
swelling , pale , badly structured
How do acute phase proteins show disease ?
conc changes in response to inflammatory cytokines
Some clinical signs of lower UTI
-straining to urinate
-urine scalding
-bloody-discoloured urine
-bladder painful and often empty
-abdominal pain
licking around vulva/prepuce
What tests would you do for lower UTI ?
-urinalysis
-urine sediment
What antibiotics are you likely to use to treat cystitis ?
-amoxicillin
-clavulanate
What would you suspect or have to rule out if there is reinfection with a UTI?
-immuno-supressed
-cushings
-incontinent - ectopic ureters
What are some common signs of acute viral infection ?
pyrexia,depression , anorexia
What is indicative of a virus on cytology ?
inclusion bodies = virus factory within the cell
state one way a viral infection can present .
-immunosupression
-cancer
-inflammatory response
Whats a common way to diagnose viruses ?
-clinical signs -symptomatically
-PCR
How are viruses controlled ?
-biosecurity
-vaccination
Name some clinical signs of prion diseases .
weight loss
behaviour changes - flighty , dull
licking lips
pruritus ( scrapie )
posture , gait
ataxia, tremors
none - found dead
How are prion diseases caused ?
misfolding of cellular prion protein ( PrPc) creates a PrPsc which congregate in neuronal tissue causing cell death
How do we control infectious disease in small mammals ?
-reduce stocking density
-improve ventilation
-routine surveillance
-preventative medicine - vaccines
-biosecurity - closed groups, handwashing , barrier nurses
-isolating infected animals
-quarantine and test new animals
What to consider when choosing antibiotics ?
-are antibiotics needed ?
-likely bacteria involved ?
-are they safe ?
-are they effective ?
-are they licensed ?
-are they first line ?
Safe drugs for small mammals
Medication For Treating Small Mammals
Metronidazole
Fluroquinolones ( except pradofloxacin )
Tetracyclines
Sulfonamides
Macrolides ( except erythromycin )
What drugs should you worry about where you place them in small animals?
PLACE
Penicillins - NOT ingested
Lincosamides
Aminoglycosides
Cephalosporins
Erythromycin
What should you not give rabbits orally ?
co-amoxyclav
List some treatments for gut stasis
-analgesia
-syringe feeds
-prokinetics - get the gut moving e.g metoclopramide , ranitidine , cisapride
What 3 ways can fungi cause disease ?
-tissue invasion (mycosis)
-toxin production (mycotoxicosis )
-induction of hypersensitivity
What dermatophysosis mean ? with example
a type of superficial mycosis caused by dermatophytes
-ringworm
What does dermatomycosis mean ?with example
a type of superficial mycosis caused by non-dermatophytic fungi
-malassezia
Give an example of systemic mycosis .
cryptococcosis
Name the 3 kinds of mycosis .
-superficial
-subcutaneous
-systemic
What is a dermatophyte ?
pathogenic fungi
Pi animal
persistent infective animal - keep shedding virus even with vaccine as they recognise it as self so don’t produce antibodies
How does Pi animal come about ?
mum introduced to virus at certain point in pregnancy that crosses placental
What 3 diseases in farm animals are indicative of brain malformations ?
-BVD
-schmallenberg
-blue tongue
