Inflammation Flashcards
What are the 4 causes of acute inflammation ?
-infections
-tissue necrosis
-foreign body
-immune reaction - hypersensitivity
Name mediators in acute inflammation
-vasoactive amines - histamine , serotonine
-inflammatory lipids - prostaglandin, leukotrienes
-complement - C5a, C3a
-cytokines - IL , TNF
What inflammatory mediators cause vasodilation ?
-inflammatory lipids - prostaglandin , leukotrienes
What inflammatory mediators cause increased vascular permeability ?
-vasoactive amines -histamine, serotonine
-compliment C5a, C3a
-inflammatory lipid-prostaglandins ,leukotrienes
-cytokines
What inflammatory mediators cause leukocyte recruitment and activation ?
-inflammatory lipids -prostaglandins , leukotrienes
-complement
-cytokines
What inflammatory mediator causes pain ?
-inflammatory lipids - prostaglandins, leukotrienes
What inflammatory mediators cause tissue damage?
neutrophill granule content
What occurs after acute inflammation ?
-complete resolution - clearance regeneration
-scarring /fibrosis in area of damage
-progression to chronic inflammation - due to persistence of injurous agent or interference of healing
What is the acute phase response ?
symptoms of inflammation
-pyrexia
-leucocytosis
-metabolic changes
-change in conc of plasma proteins - called acute phase proteins
How does pyrexia occur ?
in acute inflammation IL-1, TNF produced all pyrogens ( increase temp)
cause release of prostaglandin
signals to hypothalamus to increase temp
Acute phase proteins are biomarkers of inflammation name the ones that increase in conc when inflammation present
C-reactive protein
serum amyloid A ( SAA)
fibrinogen
complement C3,C4
What’s the difference between transudate and exudate effusions ?
-transudate - due to increased hydrostatic pressure or decreased osmotic pressure , causes a fluid low in protein and cells to leave blood vessels .
-exudate - due to inflammation increasing permeability of blood vessels , fluid high in protein and can have leucocytes comes from blood vessels
What is serous inflammation?
low conc protein and leukocytes in exudate
What is fibrinous inflammation?
-exudate - fibrinogen and fluid
- loosley adherent fibrin formation
What is purulent inflammation ?
-pus
-exudate - degenerated and necrotic neutrophils, debri , fluid
What is haemorrhagic inflammation
-vascular damage
-tissue necrosis
leakage of bv
How long after acute inflammation does chronic inflammation occur ?
24-72 hr
What cells are involved in chronic inflammation and what is their purpose?
-M1 - turn arginine into nitric oxide which is highly toxic to the pathogen thats been phagocytosed
-M2- non-inflammatory - turn arginine into orithine - tissue repair
Name some inflammatory mediators involved in chronic inflammation.
-pro-inflammatory cytokines like IL1, IL6 - cause pyrexia, lethargy
-this stimulates acute phase proteins
Why does a granuloma form ?
-persistent stimulus - irritant ( suture material )
What is contained in a granuloma ?
-necrotic centre
-foreign material and neutrophills
-macrophages that fuse to form giant cells
How would an infectious granuloma be different from a sterile one ?
lymphocytes
