Inflammation

Question 1

What are the 4 causes of acute inflammation ?

Answer 1

-infections
-tissue necrosis
-foreign body
-immune reaction - hypersensitivity

Question 2

Name mediators in acute inflammation

Answer 2

-vasoactive amines - histamine , serotonine
-inflammatory lipids - prostaglandin, leukotrienes
-complement - C5a, C3a
-cytokines - IL , TNF

Question 3

What inflammatory mediators cause vasodilation ?

Answer 3

-inflammatory lipids - prostaglandin , leukotrienes

Question 5

What inflammatory mediators cause increased vascular permeability ?

Answer 5

-vasoactive amines -histamine, serotonine
-compliment C5a, C3a
-inflammatory lipid-prostaglandins ,leukotrienes
-cytokines

Question 6

What inflammatory mediators cause leukocyte recruitment and activation ?

Answer 6

-inflammatory lipids -prostaglandins , leukotrienes
-complement
-cytokines

Question 7

What inflammatory mediator causes pain ?

Answer 7

-inflammatory lipids - prostaglandins, leukotrienes

Question 8

What inflammatory mediators cause tissue damage?

Answer 8

neutrophill granule content

Question 9

What occurs after acute inflammation ?

Answer 9

-complete resolution - clearance regeneration
-scarring /fibrosis in area of damage
-progression to chronic inflammation - due to persistence of injurous agent or interference of healing

Question 10

What is the acute phase response ?

Answer 10

symptoms of inflammation
-pyrexia
-leucocytosis
-metabolic changes
-change in conc of plasma proteins - called acute phase proteins

Question 11

How does pyrexia occur ?

Answer 11

in acute inflammation IL-1, TNF produced all pyrogens ( increase temp)
cause release of prostaglandin
signals to hypothalamus to increase temp

Question 12

Acute phase proteins are biomarkers of inflammation name the ones that increase in conc when inflammation present

Answer 12

C-reactive protein
serum amyloid A ( SAA)
fibrinogen
complement C3,C4

Question 13

What’s the difference between transudate and exudate effusions ?

Answer 13

-transudate - due to increased hydrostatic pressure or decreased osmotic pressure , causes a fluid low in protein and cells to leave blood vessels .
-exudate - due to inflammation increasing permeability of blood vessels , fluid high in protein and can have leucocytes comes from blood vessels

Question 14

What is serous inflammation?

Answer 14

low conc protein and leukocytes in exudate

Question 15

What is fibrinous inflammation?

Answer 15

-exudate - fibrinogen and fluid
- loosley adherent fibrin formation

Question 16

What is purulent inflammation ?

Answer 16

-pus
-exudate - degenerated and necrotic neutrophils, debri , fluid

Question 17

What is haemorrhagic inflammation

Answer 17

-vascular damage
-tissue necrosis
leakage of bv

Question 18

How long after acute inflammation does chronic inflammation occur ?

Answer 18

24-72 hr

Question 19

What cells are involved in chronic inflammation and what is their purpose?

Answer 19

-M1 - turn arginine into nitric oxide which is highly toxic to the pathogen thats been phagocytosed
-M2- non-inflammatory - turn arginine into orithine - tissue repair

Question 20

Name some inflammatory mediators involved in chronic inflammation.

Answer 20

-pro-inflammatory cytokines like IL1, IL6 - cause pyrexia, lethargy
-this stimulates acute phase proteins

Question 21

Why does a granuloma form ?

Answer 21

-persistent stimulus - irritant ( suture material )

Question 22

What is contained in a granuloma ?

Answer 22

-necrotic centre
-foreign material and neutrophills
-macrophages that fuse to form giant cells

Question 23

How would an infectious granuloma be different from a sterile one ?

Answer 23

lymphocytes