Part One Flashcards
Light wine
Unfortified wine which is lacking in body and has low alchol content
Heavy wine
Fortified wine or liquor wine made by adding grape spirit (brandy)
Methods to make sweet wine
- Sauternes: sugar is left after fermentation
- Chaptalization
- VDN: add alchol in the first stages of fermentation
- Vin de liqueur/Mistelle: add grape spirit (brandy) to I fermented must
Example of Vin de Liqueur
Pienau de Charante
1 advantage of screw caps
Wine ages slower
1 fault scorecard wine can have
Reduction ( hydrogene sulphide)
Warmer temperature enhance…and hide…
Enhance aromas, fruit, alchol and sweetness
Hide tannins and acidity
Cooler temperatures enhance… and hide…
Enhance tannins and acidity
Hide aromas, sweetness and alchol
Alchol levels
Low < 10
Medium - 10-11
Medium 11.5-12.5
Medium + 13-14
High 14 +
Viticulture contributing elements
Soil
Climate
Location
Aspect
Which soil do
Chardonnay
Merlot
Cabernet Sauvignon
Prefer?
C: limestone, calcareous and chalk
M: clay
CS: sand and gravel
Annual average ideal temperature to grow vines
Average is 14, not lower than 10
What happens to the grapes if it’s too hot?
Small grapes, think skin, low acidity and high alchol
What happens to the grapes if it’s too cold?
High acidity, less flavors and sugar
What is the winkler index?
It’s a classification of the climatic zones from 1 to 5 according to their annual averages. 1 is the coolest
Where is frost most common?
Chablis
Champagne
Germany
California
Methods to defeat frost
Oil stoves
Spersion system
Turbines and propellers
Natural solutions to defeat frost
South-facing aspects
Trees on top of the vineyard
Water bodies
Drainage
Wind
Main types of vine
Vitis Vinifera
Vitis riparia
Vitis rupestris
Vitis barlandieri
What’s an hybrid?
It’s a crossing between two different species of vines
Why was grafting born?
Due to phylloxera in the 19th century
When was the last case of phylloxera?
Yarra valley, 2007
What is grafting?
Technique to join a rootstock to a vitis vinifera
What types of grafting there are? Explain them
Bench grafting: one rootstock per type is joined with the other and put in a warm place to encourage fusion (nursery)
Head grafting: a grape grower with an established vineyard decides to switch variety. A graft of the new variety is attached to the chopped trunk
Why is the American vine not used for wine production?
It does not have appealing aromas and flavors
Methods to propagate a vine and explain them
Cuttying: section of a vine shoot is cut and planted
Layering: a cane is bent down to the ground, it grows roots and the link between the two is cut
How many yeast cells there are on the skin of a grape?
10k-100k
What is égrappoir?
The process of removing stalks before crushing
What do pips contain that is not suitable for winemaking?
Bitter oils
Parts of a vine
- Green parts: leaves, tendrils, fruit and flower, buds
- 1 year old wood
- Permanent wood
- Roots
Cabernet Sauvignon came from the crossing of which two varieties?
Cabernet franc and Sauvignon blanc
Muller Thurgau came from the crossing of which two varieties?
Madeline royal and Riesling
Pinotage came from the crossing of which two varieties?
Cinsault and Pinot noir
What is an hybrid? And give an example
A vine which parents come from two different Species
Vidal from Canada
Where has phylloxera never arrived?
Portugal, Chile, mosel, Argentina, Australia
Define sustainable agriculture
A type of agriculture that limits the use of chemicals although it is allowed
Define organic agriculture
A type of agriculture where chemicals are almost non-existent
Define Biodynamic agriculture
A type of agriculture created by rudolf Steiner in 1924 which is based in astronomy, philosophy and cosmology. No chemicals, only preparations
Characteristics of natural wine
Grapes come from organic/biodynamic farming
Hand picking only
No alterations
No filtering or fining
Need to be decanted and filtered
In 2020 INAO created “vin method naturel”
What categories of natural wines exist?
Sans sulphite ajoutès
30ml\l de sulphite ajoutès
Vineyards pets
Phylloxera
Mammals and birds
Nematodes
Insects
Fungal diseases in vineyards
Powdery mildew
Downy mildew
Grey rot
Esca
Dead arm/eutypa
Other deseases in vineyards
Viruses
Bacterial diseases
Coulure
Flavescence doree
Millerandage
Pierce’s desease
Viruses in vineyards
Leaf roll virus
Fan leaf virus
What is triage?
Process of hand-sorting grapes bro get rid of bad quality ones
What is maceration pelliculaire or cold soak?
Skin contact
What is cuvaison?
Fermentation starts while in contact with the skins
What is vin de goutte?
Free-run
Free-flow wine
What is vin the presse?
The resulting wine from pressing skins and everything
What is the Marc?
Mix of skins, pips, stems, and stalks that can be used as fertilizer or distilled again to produce a regional brandy es. Marc de Bourgogne
At what point do wild yeasts and acetobacter dies?
When there is no oxygen and/or 4% abv is reached
When does saccharomyces cerevisiae develop?
In absence of oxygen and and between 10 and 30 degrees
What happens if SO2 is added to unfermented must?
It kills unwanted mounds and yeasts or it can prevent them
Why a little time on the skins is always suggested?
It avoids oxidation
What kinds of clarifications methods exists?
Settling
Centrifugation
Fining
Filtration
What are the benefits of blending?
Keep the style of a wine
Consistency of the wine
Balance
What is malolactic fermentation?
It is the convention of magic acid into lactic acid + a little carbon dioxide
It reduces the acidity of the wine and produces dyacetil which gives the buttery aromas
What does Pétillant mean?
When malo takes place in the bottle and makes the wine slightly sparkling and cause a small sediment
Bâttonage
Stirring up the lees with a stick to increase flavor extraction
Buttage
Stooping up the soil around a vine to protect the roots from damage
Cryoextraction
Freezing the grapes to -7 to produce ice wine
Only allowed in cold countries where ice wine is produces
Cannot be called ice wine
Cuvaison
Maceration of the grape skin (pomace) in the fermenting juice during red wine production to extract colour and tannin
Débourbage
Process of allowing the solids to settle on the bottom of the vat prior to racking
Microclimate
Small area around a single or small group of vines or the air above
Mesoclimate
Climate of a small area such as a vineyard or hill side
Macroclimate
Climate of a wine region or district
What are lees?
Dead yeast cells, pieces of pips, skins, stalks
Lieu-dit
Smallest geographical unit of land within a vineyard
Passerillage
Grapes are dried up before being pressed. Either in the sun or in a ventilated room
Pigeage
Process of punching down the cap to extract colour and tannins
Remontage
Process of pumping over the cap the wine from below to keep it moist
Reverse osmosis
Technique used to reduce the alchol content in wine
Soutirage or racking
Transferring the wine from vat to the other leaving the lees behind
Spinning cone columns
Method to reduce alchol content
Süssreserve
Unfermented grape juice
Veraison
Stage of grape cycle when the grape changes colour and softens
What’s the minimum % of a variety of the wine is sold under that variety?
In Europe and outside
EU - 85%
Rest of the world - 75%
Albariño
Rias Baixas
Vinho Verde
Chardonnay soil
Calcium
Chenin Blanc
Loire - Anjou and Touraine > vouvray, Saumur, Coteaux-du-Layon and savennières
South Africa
US
Colombard
Production of Armagnac and cognac
South Africa brandy
California, France, South Africa and Australia
Folle Blanc
Production of Armagnac and cognac
Folle Blanche/picpoul
Used in the production of gros plant in Muscadet region
Gewurztraminer
Alsace
Austria
Italy
Germany
Chile
New Zealand
Us
Grenache blanc
Southern Rhône
Souther france
Marsanne
Rhône valley
Southern France
California
Australia
Muller thurgau
Germany
Austria
England
New Zealand
Muscadet or melon de Bourgogne
Only varsity used in Muscadet, Loire valley
List the types of Muscat
Muscat blanc a petit grains
Muscat d’alexandrie
Muscat ottonel
Pinot blanc
Alsace
Austria
Italy (Pinot bianco)
Germany (weissburgunder)
California
Canada
Similar characteristics ti unoaked Chardonnay
Pinot gris
Alsace
Austria
Germany (rulander or grauburgunder)
Italy
US
Under the synonym of Malvasia it produces sweet wine
Rhine Riesling
Austria
Alsace Germany
Australia
New Zealand
Us
Chile
South Africa
Old Riesling often shows a petrol character
Roussanne
Often blended with Marsanne for hermitage blanc and chateauneuf du pape
Sauvignon blanc
Loire valley - Sancerre and pouilly fumè
Bordeaux
New Zealand - malborough!!
Australia
Chile
Semillon
Sauternes and barsac
Hunter valley, Australia
New Zealand
South Africa
Sylvaner
Germany
Austria
Alsace
Franconia
Torrontés 3 sub varieties
Torrontès Mendocin
Torrontès Riojano
Torrontès sanjuanino
Trebbiano
Italy
Used for the production of soave, frascati, orvieto
A small percentage is permitted in Chianti
Viognier
Condrieu
Chateau Grillet in northern Rhône
Languedoc
Us
Australia
Up to 20% is permitted in cote rotie
Barbera
Italy and us
Cabernet Sauvignon and the aromas around the world
Australia - mint
California - eucalyptus
South Australia - Christmas pudding
Carignan
Spain
Languedoc
Carmenere
Chile
Gamay
Single variety in Beaujolais
Grenache noir
Spain
Southern Rhône
Chateauneuf du pape
Gigondas blends
Rioja
Tavel
Lirac
California
Australia
Malbec
Bordeaux
Cahors
Argentina
Montepulciano
Marche e abruzzo
Mourvedre
Chateauneuf du pape
Australia
California
Nebbiolo
It produces Barolo, barbaresco and gattinara
Petit Verdot
Bordeaux
Argentina
South Africa
Sangiovese
California
Italy
Under the name of Brunello it produces brunello di montalcino and Torgiano
Syrah/Shiraz
North cote du rhone
Chateauneuf du pape
Australia
South Africa
Southern california
Tannat
Cahors
Madiran
Argentina
Tempranillo
Rioja
Navarra
Argentina
Port production (tinta roriz)
Vintage in:
Francese
Italiano
Spagnolo
Millesime and recolte
Vendemmia and annata
Vendimia and consecha
Service temperature for wine
Sweet 6-8
Light white 7-10
Full body white 10-13
Light red 10-13
Full body red 15-18
Rose 7-10
Sparkling 6-10
Why do you decant wine
To filter
To oxigenate
To change the temperature of the wine
TCA aromas
Damp cardboard
Fruit aromas are less fresh
Musty
Sulphuric dioxide aromas
Extinguished matches
Oxidation aromas
Toffee
Honey
Caramel
Coffee
Volatile acidity aromas
Vinegar
Nail polish remover
Brett aromas
Plastic
Animal aromas
Hot vinyl
Sweaty horse
Effervescent wine
The wine is undergoing a second fermentation therefore is out of condition
It smells yeasty
Cloudy wine
It’s due to a protein haze and is out of conditions
Maderized wines
Wines that have been exposed to too much light or heat
Grape name for vino mobile di Montepulciano
Prugnolo gentile
