[Part 3]- B4- Organising animals and plants 🫁🪴

Question 1

What is another example of a cardiovascular disease ? [3]

Answer 1

• Another example of cardiovascular disease is faulty heart values.
• sometimes the heart valves doesn’t fully open [because it can be stiff due to damage of the heart valves]. This means the heart has to pump extra hard to get the blood through= can cause heart to enlarge
• heart valves can also be leaky, which can allow blood to flow in both directions = blood doesn’t circulate as effectively as normal, therefore the the patient to feel weak and tired.

Question 2

How can we replace faulty heart valves ?

Hint: ⚙️,🐽,🐄

Answer 2

• if heart valves are faulty, we can replace them with a mechanical valve [made of metal].
• or a biological valve [valves made from an animal, such as humans, cows or pigs]

Question 3

What are the advantages and disadvantages of a mechanical heart valve ? [3]

Hint: anti

Answer 3

• mechanical heart valves can last a lifetime; they increase the risk of blood clots, which means patients have to take anti clotting drugs.
• they are also less likely to be rejected by the body’s immune system, than a donor heart valve.

Question 4

What are the advantages and disadvantages of a biological heart valve ?

Hint: replaced

Answer 4

• biological heart valves from animals don’t last as long [as mechanical heart valves] therefore, they need to be replaced
• ; patients who have biological heart valves don’t need to take drugs. [such as immunosuppresants]

Question 5

What is heart failure ?

Answer 5

• heart failure, is when the heart cannot pump enough blood around the body [and this can occur in some patients with cardiovascular disease]

Question 6

How can heart failure be treated ?

Answer 6

• patients who have heart failure, are sometimes given a donated heart or a donated heart and lungs; there aren’t enough donated hearts available to treat every patient.
• the patient must also take drugs to stop the donated heart from being rejected, by the body’s immune system.

Question 7

What are some other ways that heart failure can be treated ?

Hint: rest

Answer 7

• heart failure can also be treated, by giving a patient an artificial heart [as a temporary solution], whilst waiting for a heart transplant
• ; heart failure could also be treated, by allowing a patient’s [damaged] heart to rest.

Question 8

What are the advantages and disadvantages of artificial hearts ?

Hint: increase the risk, rejected

Answer 8

• artificial hearts increase the risk of blood clotting and are not a long-term solution to heart failure; they’re less likely to be rejected by the body’s immune system, than a donor heart.
• This is because they’re made from metal or plastic, therefore the body won’t recognise them as ‘foreign’ and attack it.

Question 9

RECAP: What does a vein do?

Answer 9

• a vein, carries blood to the heart.

Question 10

What does an artery do?

Hint: A, away

Answer 10

• an artery carries blood away from the heart, and to the lungs

Question 11

What is the equation for the rate of blood flow?

Answer 11

Rate of blood flow= volume
_______________
time

Question 12

What is the order that blood flows through the 3 types of blood vessels ?

Hint: veins, heart and capillaries.

Answer 12

Heart ——> Capillaries——-> Veins

Question 13

Which part of the circulatory system does oxygenated blood leave the heart, to travel round the body?

Answer 13

• to travel round the body [by leaving the heart], oxygenated blood will leave the aorta

Question 14

What are the alveoli?

Hint: tiny

Answer 14

• the alveoli, are tiny air sacs where gas exchange takes place
• gas exchange, is where gases diffuse in and out of the bloodstream.

Question 15

What is the trachea?

Hint: airway, cartilage

Answer 15

• the trachea is an airway which is often kept open by rings of cartilage, and air passes into the lungs through the trachea.
• the rings of cartilage, prevent the trachea from collapsing during inhalation

Question 16

What are the bronchioles?

Hint: branches, bronchi

Answer 16

• bronchioles, are tiny branches of the bronchi that carry air to the alveoli

Question 17

What is the diaphragm ?

Hint: sheet

Answer 17

• the diaphragm, is a sheet of muscles at the base of the ribcage

Question 18

What is the bronchi?

Hint: tubes

Answer 18

• the bronchi, are tubes that connect the trachea to the lungs

Question 19

What are the intercostal muscles?

Answer 19

• the intercostal muscles, are muscles that raise and lower the ribcage

Question 20

How are the alveoli adapted for gas exchange ?

Answer 20

• there are millions of alveoli in the lung- this gives the lungs a large surface area.
• the alveoli also have very thin walls- meaning the diffusion path is very short.
• the alveoli also have a very good blood supply- once the oxygen diffuses into the blood, it’s rapidly removed= ensuring the concentration gradient is as steep as possible.
• *All of these adaptations mean that oxygen rapidly diffuses into the bloodstream; carbon dioxide diffuses rapidly out of the bloodstream.

Question 21

How does breathing change the rate of diffusion ?

Hint: brings in fresh oxygen

Answer 21

• By breathing, we increase the rate of diffusion. This is because breathing brings fresh oxygen into the alveoli, and takes away the carbon dioxide.
• Therefore, this makes the concentration gradient high for these gases, which increasing the rate of diffusion.

Question 22

What is the order for blood going around the body?

Hint: right then left, think VAVA VAVA

Answer 22

Vena cava——> right atrium———> right ventricle——-> left ventricle——> left atrium——-> pulmonary artery——-> pulmonary vein——> aorta.