[Part 2]- B7- non-communicable diseases 🚬🚭 Flashcards
What are examples of non-communicable diseases ? [5]
- cardiovascular diseases- [e.g- coronary heart disease]
- type 2 diabetes
- most types of cancer
- arthritis
- and high blood pressure
What are risk factors for cardiovascular diseases ?
- diet
- smoking
- exercise
What are risk factors for cardiovascular diseases ?
Hint: 🧂
- diet- a diet high in fat, and low in vegetables increases the levels of certain types of cholesterol in the blood [such as LDL cholesterol]= increasing the rate that fatty material, builds up in the arteries.
- a diet high in salt, can increase blood pressure- increasing the risk of developing cardiovascular disease.
What are risk factors for cardiovascular diseases ?
Hint: 🚬
- smoking and exercise- massively increased for people who smoke; decreased in people who regularly exercise.
What are the risk factors for lung cancer ?
- smoking- smoking massively increases the risk of lung cancer.
- This is because, cigarette smoke contains a number of carcinogens, which can trigger cancer.
How else can smoking be harmful ?
- it can increase the risk of other lungs diseases [such as emphysema],which are extremely unpleasant, leading to a very poor quality of life.
- emphysema, is a disease in which the walls of the alveoli break down, reducing the surface area for gasesous exhange of the lungs.
What else can you tell me about emphysema ? [4]
- the airways become inflamed, and mucus, which normally traps particles in the lungs, builds up
- infection often occurs in the mucus and alveoli are damaged, reducing their elasticity and surface area
- the patient becomes breathless, and finds it more and more difficult to obtain the oxygen required for respiration
- [The damage caused by emphysema is also permanent. The disease cannot be cured and can result in death.]
What are some lifestyle choices that can harm babies ? 🚼
- smoking- smoking when pregnant can harm an unborn baby, increasing the risk of miscarriage and premature birth- it can also lead to the baby having a low-body mass.
- alcohol- drinking alcohol when pregnant, can cause fatal alcohol syndrome.
- children born with fatal alcohol syndrome, can have learning difficulties and other mental or physical problems.
How can drinking alcohol effect adults ? 🍷
- adults who excessively drink alcohol, increase the risk of liver cirrhosis and lung cancer.
- alcohol can also affect the brain, leading to addiction and memory loss.
What is type 2 diabetes ?
- people with type 2 diabetes, struggle to control their blood glucose levels and type 2 diabetes is [a very serious disease] can lead to blindness or amputation of a limb.
What is a risk factor for type 2 diabetes ?
- obesity- obese people, have a much higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes.
How can risk factors interact ?
- risk factors can interact, as drinking excess alcohol, can lead to obesity- then increasing the risk of type 2 diabetes.
What risk factors are not linked to lifestyle ?
- substances that are present in your environment- [e.g- radon]
Explain in detail the effects of the harmful substances found in tobacco smoke
- tar- Tar is a sticky-brown substance that collects in the lungs when tobacco smoke is breathed in. It can stain fingers and teeth a yellow-brown colour.
- Tar contains cancer-causing chemicals. It also increases the risk of lung diseases, such as emphysema and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
Explain in detail why eating a poor diet can lead to health problems.
- eating a poor diet can lead to health problems since:
- If we eat too much, we take in too much energy and so the food is stored as fat - obesity (overweight).
- but If we eat too little, our body has to get the energy it needs from breaking down fat or muscle tissue – we lose weight- this can lead to malnutrition.
Explain in further detail why eating a poor diet can lead to health problems.
- starvation- if you aren’t eating enough nutrients, the body isn’t able to function properly and this can lead to tiredness, and a weakened immune system.
- constipation- a lack of fibre or lots of fluids, can prevent the passage of faeces through the rectum, causing discomfort and severe pain and damage if not treated.
How can BMI [body mass index be calculated] ?
- BMI= mass [kg] ➗ height [m^2]
Explain in detail how drinking alcohol affects the nervous system. [5] 🧠
- drinking alcohol can affect the nervous system because:
- it Lowers inhibition and creates feeling of wellbeing, since it first stimulates, then depresses
- it also causes a slowed brain and muscular activity
- aswell as a slowed thinking and reaction time
- and Dependency and addiction
Explain the link between ionising radiation and cancer. 🩻
- High-energy radiation, such as x-rays, gamma rays, alpha particles, beta particles, and neutrons, can damage DNA and cause cancer.
- These forms of radiation can be released in accidents at nuclear power plants and when atomic weapons are tested or used.
Describe the short-term effects of drinking alcohol.
- short- term:
- Impaired judgement of time and distance
- Dizziness and loss of balance
Explain in detail the effects of the harmful substances found in tobacco smoke
- Carbon Monoxide- carbon monoxide is a poisonous gas, contained in tobacco smoke.
- it stops the blood from carrying as much oxygen—> organs of the body don’t get the amount of oxygen they need—-> the heart must work harder to supply the body with oxygen.
- This increases the risk of heart disease and stroke.
What is malnutrition?
- malnutrition, is the incorrect amount of food.
Describe the long-term affects of drinking alcohol
- long-term:
- Damage to the liver (cirrhosis), heart and other organs
- Heart problems
- Unconsciousness and even death
How can alcoholics develop liver cirrhosis ? 🍺
- since the liver is responsible for breaking down alcohol, if the liver constantly has to detoxify alcohol it can be damaged.
Other causing liver cirrhosis, what else can alcohol damage ?
- Alcoholics can develop liver cancer, which has a tendency to spread to the rest of the body very quickly.
- meaning alcoholics can also suffer brain damage, as the brain becomes soft and pulpy.
How else can having a poor diet, lead to health problems?
- iron deficiency- not eating enough foods containing iron, can cause iron deficiency. Since iron helps to build haemoglobin [which carries oxygen], iron deficiency can lead to fatigue and shortness of breath due to the lack of oxygen.
How else can having a poor diet, lead to health problems?
- protein- energy malnutrition- [e.g- kwashiorkor]. kwashiorkor is a protein deficiency, leading to water imbalance in the body, meaning water moves via osmosis, which causes swelling.
