B9- Respiration 🫁💪 Flashcards
What does respiration provide energy for ? [3]
Hint: build larger molecules
- for movement, so the muscles can contract in animals.
- mammals need energy to keep warm- to keep their body temperature steady in colder surroundings.
- energy is also needed for chemical reactions, to build larger molecules- [e.g- proteins are made by chemically joining amino acids]
What is [cellular] respiration ?
Hint: continually
- cellular respiration, is an exothermic reaction which continually occurs in living cells.
- [cellular] respiration supplies the energy we need, and is an exothermic reaction because it releases energy, when bonds are formed.
What is aerobic respiration ?
- aerobic respiration, is a form of respiration that uses oxygen to release energy from molecules like glucose.
- and in aerobic respiration, the sugar glucose is reacted with oxygen gas.
- this then produces carbon dioxide and water, releasing energy.
What is the word equation for aerobic respiration ?
- glucose + oxygen—-> carbon dioxide + water
- [energy is on the bottom]
What is the chemical equation for aerobic respiration ?
- C6 H12 O6 + 6O2—-> 6CO2 + 6H2O
Why does aerobic respiration produce a great deal of energy ?
Hint: oxidised
- aerobic respiration produce a great deal of energy, because the glucose molecule has been fully oxidised.
What is anaerobic respiration ?
- anaerobic respiration is a form of respiration, that releases energy from molecules [such as glucose], without using oxygen.
What happens when there’s a shortage of oxygen ?
Hint: muscle cells repire
- muscle cells respire anaerobically, and during anaerobic respiration in muscles, glucose is converted to latic acid.
Why does anaerobic respiration, release much less energy than aerobic respiration.
- anaerobic respiration, release much less energy than aerobic respiration, because in anaerobic respiration, the oxidation of glucose is incomplete.
How can anaerobic respiration, happen in plant and yeast cells ?
- in this reaction, the glucose is converted to ethanol and carbon dioxide. [by fermentation]
What is fermentation ?
Hint: cells
- fermentation, is anaerobic respiration that occurs in yeast cells.
How can fermentation be used ? 🍺
- fermentation can be used, to make alcoholic drinks such as beer- the alcohol in these drinks, is ethanol, which is produced by fermentation.
How else can fermentation be used ? 🍞
Hint: bubbles in the dough
- fermentation by yeast can also be used to make bread rise.
- this is because, the carbon dioxide produced by fermentation, creates bubbles in the dough, causing the bread to rise.
What is the body’s full response to exercise ? [4]
- during exercise, the body needs a great deal of energy for muscle contraction. Because of this, the body has to react, to the increased demand for energy.
- aerobic respiration increases, since the body needs more energy- meaning the body cells require more oxygen.
- to provide this extra oxygen, we breath more frequently and take deeper breaths, [since the breathing rate and breathing volume increases]- getting more oxygen into the bloodstream.
- the heart rate also increases, to pump this oxygenated blood around the body; sometimes, not enough oxygen can be supplied to the muscles- anaerobic respiration now takes place in the muscles.
What is the body’s response to exercise ? 🫁🫀
- to provide this extra oxygen, we breath more frequently and take deeper breaths, [since the breathing rate and breathing volume increases]- getting more oxygen into the bloodstream.
- the heart rate also increases, to pump this oxygenated blood around the body; sometimes, not enough oxygen can be supplied to the muscles- so anaerobic respiration now takes place in the muscles.
How is latic acid produced in the muscles, during exercise ?
- at the point that anaerobic respiration takes place in the muscles, the oxidation of glucose is incomplete, during anaerobic respiration.
- leading to the build up of lactic acid [a chemical], which cause the muscles to become fatigued, during long periods of vigorous activity- meaning the muscles to stop contracting efficiently.
What is oxygen debt ?
Hint: accumulated
- oxygen debt, is the amount of extra oxygen the body needs after exercise, to react with the accumulated lactic acid and remove it from the cells.
What is the process of oxygen debt ?
- lactic acid in the muscles, is transported out of the muscles, by the blood.
- from the blood[stream],the lactic acid is then taken to the liver, and converted back to glucose, in a series of chemical reactions. [e.g- by oxygen]
- oxygen debt is why people continue rapidly breathing for some time, after finishing exercise.
What is the difference between aerobic respiration 🆚 anaerobic respiration ? [4]
- aerobic respiration produce a great deal of energy, because the glucose molecule has been fully oxidised
- ; anaerobic respiration, release much less energy than aerobic respiration, because in anaerobic respiration, the oxidation of glucose is incomplete.
What’s another difference between aerobic respiration 🆚 anaerobic respiration ? [2]
- aerobic respiration produces carbon dioxide and water, since it uses oxygen
- ; anaerobic respiration doesn’t use oxygen, and instead produces latic acid.
Explain why stores of glycogen change with exercise.
- glycogen is the stored form of glucose, that’s made up of many connected glucose molecules.
- and glycogen stores in the muscles, become low and are broken down releasing glucose
- This is because more glucose is used for respiration, and additional glucose is transported from the liver.
What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration in animals ?
- glucose—-> lactic acid
What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration in plants and yeast cells ?
- glucose——> ethanol + carbon dioxide
Compare and contrast anaerobic respiration in animals, plants and microorganisms. [2]
- in animal cells and [some bacterial cells], anaerobic respiration can lead to the build up of lactic acid in the muscles. produces lactic acid.
- in plants [and yeast cells], anaerobic respiration produces ethanol and carbon dioxide, instead of producing lactic acid.
Compare and contrast anaerobic respiration in animals, plants and microorganisms. [2]
- Anaerobic respiration in plants and animals take place in the absence of molecular oxygen
- Both processes involve an incomplete breakdown of the respiratory substrate glucose.
