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AQA Biology [Paper 1] > B2- cell division 🧫 > Flashcards

B2- cell division 🧫 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are chromosomes?

Hint: carry genes

A
  • chromosomes, are a thread-like structure carrying the genetic information found in the nucleus of a cell.
  • chromosomes carry the genes, that contain the instruction for making new cells, [aswell as all the tissues +organs required to make an entire new person/new you]
  • body cells are paired + contain two of each chrosome.
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2
Q

What are genes? [2]

A
  • genes, are a small packet of information that contains a characteristic, or part of a characteristic of your body.
  • [It’s a section of your DNA and is carried in a large number, by chromosomes.]
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3
Q

What does the term ‘DNA’ mean?

Hint: makes up chromosomes

A
  • DNA, is the unique molecule that makes up your chrosomes
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4
Q

Fill in the gaps: Humans have __ chrosomes in the nuclues of your body’s cells, that are arranged in __ pairs.

A

Humans have 46 chrosomes in the nuclues of your body’s cells, that are arranged in 23 pairs.

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5
Q

Describe the stages of the cell cycle [4]

Hint: growth of sub-cellular structures and…

A
  • cell grows, and the number of sub-cellular structures [such as ribosomes and mitochondria] are increased.
  • DNA then replicates to form two copies of each chromosomes
  • In mitosis, one set of chromosomes is pulled to each end of the cell. The nucleus then divides
  • the cytoplasm and cell membrane divides, to form two identical (daughter) cells
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6
Q

Define what the term ‘Differentiation’ means

Hint: specialized, perform

A
  • Differentiation, is the process by which cells become specialized, to perform specific functions in an organism
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7
Q

What is a stem cell ?

A
  • A stem cell is an undiffereniated cell of an organism, which is capable of giving rise to many more cells of the same type
  • ; a stem cell, can also differentiate, to form other types of cells.
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8
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes does human body cells contain?

A
  • Human body cells contain 23 pairs of chromosomes.
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9
Q

What are the 3 functions of mitosis?

A
  • [mitosis is essential for] growth and development of multicellular organisms [e.g- plants and animals]
  • mitosis takes place, when an organism repairs itself [e.g- when a broken bone heals]
  • mitosis also happens during asexual reproduction
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10
Q

What are the problems of bone marrow transplants?

Hint: compatible

A
  • the donor has to be compatible with the patient.
  • Otherwise, the white blood cells produced by the donated bone marrow, could attack the patient’s body.
  • there is also another risk, that viruses can passed from the donor to the patient.
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11
Q

What are the problems of bone marrow transplants?

A
  • the donor has to be compatible with the patient. Otherwise, the white blood cells produced by the donated bone marrow, could attack the patient’s body.
  • there is also another risk, that viruses can passed rom the donor to the patient.
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12
Q

What is therapeutic cloning? [3]

Hint: embryo is produced

A
  • therapeutic cloning, is when an embryo is produced that has the same genes from the patient.
  • this means stem cells from the embryo, can be transplanted into the patient without being rejected by the patient’s immune system.
  • Once inside the patient, the stem cells can differentiate to replace (faulty) cells that have stopped working correctly.
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13
Q

What are some conditions that could be treated by therapeutic cloning?

A
  • paralysis or diabetes, could be treated by therapeutic cloning
  • ; some people have ethical or religious objections to this procedure.
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14
Q

Where are stems cells found in plants?

A
  • Located in the tips of shoots and roots [roots and buds]
  • ; stem cells can be found in meristem tissue, of a plant.
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15
Q

Where are stems cells found in plants?

A
  • Located in the tips of shoots and roots [roots and buds] stem cells can be found in meristem tissue, of a plant.
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16
Q

What can you tell me about meristem tissue?

A
  • meristem tissue can differentiate into any type of plant tissue, at any point in the life of a plant.
17
Q

What’s one difference between embryonic stem cells 🆚 adult stem cells?

A
  • Unlike embryonic stem cells, adult stem cells can’t differentiate into any other type of cell.
18
Q

What can stem cells in bone marrow, differentiate into?

A
  • stem cells in bone marrow, can differentiate into:
  • red blood cells
  • white blood cells
  • and, platelets.
19
Q

What is diffusion?

A
  • Diffusion is: the spreading out of particles, resulting in a net movement from an area of higher concentration, to an area of lower concentration.
19
Q

What is one example of diffusion? [1]

Hint: cells are surrounded

A
  • cells need oxygen for respiration [which is carried out by mitochondria].
  • cells are surrounded by a high concentration of oxygen- because oxygen is transported in the bloodstream, from the lungs.
20
Q

What could we do with meristem tissue?

A
  • we could use meristem tissue to produce clones of plants [quickly and cheaply].
  • For example, we could clone rare plants to stop them from going extinct, or we could also produce clones of crop plants for farmers that are resistant to diseases.
20
Q

What is one example of diffusion? [1]

Hint: waste gas

A
  • oxygen is used to generate energy in respiration, and this produces the waste gas: carbon dioxide.
  • Therefore we have a higher concentration of carbon dioxide inside the cell, than outside so the carbon dioxide moves out of the cell by diffusion.
21
Q

How is urea another example of diffusion? [1]

Hint: into the blood plasma

A
  • urea is a waste product produced inside cells, that diffuses out of the cells, into the blood plasma.
  • urea is then excreted out of the kidneys.
22
Q

What is one factor that affects the rate of diffusion? [1]

A
  • difference in concentrations [known as the concentration gradient]. The greater the concentration gradient, the faster diffusion will be.
  • And the smaller the concentration gradient, the slower diffusion will be.
23
Q

How can temperature affect the rate of diffusion? [1]

A
  • temperature- the higher the temperature, the greater the rate of diffusion.
  • this is because, the particles have more kinetic energy and are moving faster.
24
Q

How can surface area affect the rate of diffusion? [1]

Hint: cell membrane

A
  • another factor that affects the rate of diffusion is: the surface area of the [cell] membrane- the larger the surface area of the cell membrane, the greater the rate of diffusion.

AQA Biology [Paper 1] (31 decks)

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