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Neuroscience > Pain > Flashcards

Pain Flashcards

1
Q

the definition of PAIN is

A

Unpleasant sensory & emotional experience associated w actual or potential tissue damage

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2
Q

Nociception = Pain T/F

A

F –> Only if higher centres decode the information as such

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3
Q

Process of Pain Perception

A

Transduction
Transmission
Perception
Modulation

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4
Q

what are the main types of fibres for pain perception?

A

Adelta and C-fibres

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5
Q

What fibres are faster in pain perception?

A

Adelta (very fast and myelinated)

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6
Q

C-fibres are myelinated T/F

A

F –> Very fine, unmyelinated and not very fast

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7
Q

The cells bodies of pain nerve fibres are located in

A

Dorsal Root Ganglia and Trigeminal

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8
Q

How many layers does the dorsal horn has?

A

6

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9
Q

which type of fibre only synapses with the most superficial layers?

A

C-fibres

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10
Q

Adelta fibres are not found in the palm of the hand T/F

A

F –> only C-Fibres are found in the palm of the hands

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11
Q

which type of fibre is responsible for sharp intense pain?

A

Adelta

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12
Q

Which type of brain pathway can increase/decrease pain sensation?

A

Descending pathways

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13
Q

Which areas of the brain are important in pain modulation?

A 
Periaqueductal Grey (PAG)
Rostroventral Medulla (RVM)
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14
Q

What is inflammatory pain?

A

Pain caused by inflammatory soup

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15
Q

what are some of the mediators found in the inflammatory soup?

A

Cytokine, Bradykinin, PGE2, ATP & Adenosin

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16
Q

Define Allodynia

A

Pain perception on normal stimuli

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17
Q

How is define the increased pain perception and response to normally painful stimulus?

A

Hyperalgesia

18
Q

What are TRP channels and what do they mediate?

A

Transient Receptor Potential and mediate increased pain sensation by increasing membrane potential (allowing for activation at physiological temperature)

19
Q

TRP1 agonist

A

Capsaicin

20
Q

Areas in charge of perception of emotional pain?

A

Cingulate and pre-frontal cortex

21
Q

what types of sensitisation can be found and how do they operate?

A

Central –> Makes CNS more sensitive

Peripheral –> Makes nerve more sensitive

22
Q

2nd order neuron in the pain pathway goes to

A

Anterolateral System

23
Q

how many pain fibres have higher cortex connections at each site?

A

5/10

24
Q

What is maladaptive Pain?

A

pain produced without an underlying pathology or stimuli either due to poor regeneration of the fibre or due to unknown reasons

25
Q

what are the 3 main types of pain?

A

Nociceptive
Inflammatory
Maladaptive

26
Q

Neuropathic Pain is?

A

pain caused due to damage to the sensory pathway or the CNS structure in charge of processing pain

27
Q

Example of dysfunctional pain?

A

Myalgia and migraines

28
Q

What is dysfunctional pain?

A

Pain with no known cause

29
Q

TRP channels allow for the entering of Ca or Na ions T/F

A

T

30
Q

what is the Nocebo Effect?

A

hyperalgesia caused by expectation that relies on previous experience

31
Q

example of nocebo effect?

A

pain felt on injections

32
Q

What is Hypoalgesia?

A

Reduced pain sensation

33
Q

What can be a cause (physiological) of hypoalgesia?

A

Release of endogenous pain modulators and activation of descending pathways

34
Q

What is ‘Fear Behaviour’?

A

Hypoalgesia induced due to activation of the Sympathetic System

35
Q

What mediates fear behaviour?

A

the Amygdala (desensitisation to pain through PAG)

36
Q

what is the pathway followed by nociceptive pain?

A

1 Activation of pain fibre
2 travels to spinal cord
3 enters via dorsal root (cell body in dorsal root ganglia)
4 can decussate 1-2 levels above or bellow via the anterior white comissure
5 goes to higher cortical centres via the Antero-Lateral System
6 reaches the Thalamus on contralateral site to stimuli
7 to somatosensory cortex

37
Q

How many neurons form part of the pain pathway?

A

3

38
Q

Where do NSAIDs act in the descending pathway?

A

PAG

39
Q

where do opioids act in the pain pathway?

A

PAG and RVM

40
Q

Where to weed act in the pain pathway?

A

Rostroventral Medulla

41
Q

How much heat can cause pain?

A

> 52 degrees

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