Pain

Question 1

the definition of PAIN is

Answer 1

Unpleasant sensory & emotional experience associated w actual or potential tissue damage

Question 2

Nociception = Pain T/F

Answer 2

F –> Only if higher centres decode the information as such

Question 3

Process of Pain Perception

Answer 3

Transduction
Transmission
Perception
Modulation

Question 4

what are the main types of fibres for pain perception?

Answer 4

Adelta and C-fibres

Question 5

What fibres are faster in pain perception?

Answer 5

Adelta (very fast and myelinated)

Question 6

C-fibres are myelinated T/F

Answer 6

F –> Very fine, unmyelinated and not very fast

Question 7

The cells bodies of pain nerve fibres are located in

Answer 7

Dorsal Root Ganglia and Trigeminal

Question 8

How many layers does the dorsal horn has?

Answer 8

6

Question 9

which type of fibre only synapses with the most superficial layers?

Answer 9

C-fibres

Question 10

Adelta fibres are not found in the palm of the hand T/F

Answer 10

F –> only C-Fibres are found in the palm of the hands

Question 11

which type of fibre is responsible for sharp intense pain?

Answer 11

Adelta

Question 12

Which type of brain pathway can increase/decrease pain sensation?

Answer 12

Descending pathways

Question 13

Which areas of the brain are important in pain modulation?

Answer 13

Periaqueductal Grey (PAG)
Rostroventral Medulla (RVM)

Question 14

What is inflammatory pain?

Answer 14

Pain caused by inflammatory soup

Question 15

what are some of the mediators found in the inflammatory soup?

Answer 15

Cytokine, Bradykinin, PGE2, ATP & Adenosin

Question 16

Define Allodynia

Answer 16

Pain perception on normal stimuli

Question 17

How is define the increased pain perception and response to normally painful stimulus?

Answer 17

Hyperalgesia

Question 18

What are TRP channels and what do they mediate?

Answer 18

Transient Receptor Potential and mediate increased pain sensation by increasing membrane potential (allowing for activation at physiological temperature)

Question 19

TRP1 agonist

Answer 19

Capsaicin

Question 20

Areas in charge of perception of emotional pain?

Answer 20

Cingulate and pre-frontal cortex

Question 21

what types of sensitisation can be found and how do they operate?

Answer 21

Central –> Makes CNS more sensitive

Peripheral –> Makes nerve more sensitive

Question 22

2nd order neuron in the pain pathway goes to

Answer 22

Anterolateral System

Question 23

how many pain fibres have higher cortex connections at each site?

Answer 23

5/10

Question 24

What is maladaptive Pain?

Answer 24

pain produced without an underlying pathology or stimuli either due to poor regeneration of the fibre or due to unknown reasons

Question 25

what are the 3 main types of pain?

Answer 25

Nociceptive Inflammatory Maladaptive

Question 26

Neuropathic Pain is?

Answer 26

pain caused due to damage to the sensory pathway or the CNS structure in charge of processing pain

Question 27

Example of dysfunctional pain?

Answer 27

Myalgia and migraines

Question 28

What is dysfunctional pain?

Answer 28

Pain with no known cause

Question 29

TRP channels allow for the entering of Ca or Na ions T/F

Answer 29

T

Question 30

what is the Nocebo Effect?

Answer 30

hyperalgesia caused by expectation that relies on previous experience

Question 31

example of nocebo effect?

Answer 31

pain felt on injections

Question 32

What is Hypoalgesia?

Answer 32

Reduced pain sensation

Question 33

What can be a cause (physiological) of hypoalgesia?

Answer 33

Release of endogenous pain modulators and activation of descending pathways

Question 34

What is 'Fear Behaviour'?

Answer 34

Hypoalgesia induced due to activation of the Sympathetic System

Question 35

What mediates fear behaviour?

Answer 35

the Amygdala (desensitisation to pain through PAG)

Question 36

what is the pathway followed by nociceptive pain?

Answer 36

1 Activation of pain fibre 2 travels to spinal cord 3 enters via dorsal root (cell body in dorsal root ganglia) 4 can decussate 1-2 levels above or bellow via the anterior white comissure 5 goes to higher cortical centres via the Antero-Lateral System 6 reaches the Thalamus on contralateral site to stimuli 7 to somatosensory cortex

Question 37

How many neurons form part of the pain pathway?

Answer 37

3

Question 38

Where do NSAIDs act in the descending pathway?

Answer 38

PAG

Question 39

where do opioids act in the pain pathway?

Answer 39

PAG and RVM

Question 40

Where to weed act in the pain pathway?

Answer 40

Rostroventral Medulla

Question 41

How much heat can cause pain?

Answer 41

> 52 degrees