General Structure of the NS

Question 1

Gyri and sulci

Answer 1

Gyri is the elevation

Question 2

what are the constituents of the CNS?

Answer 2

brain and spinal cord

Question 3

Brodman’s Areas?

Answer 3

topographical organisation of the brain depending on its histological characteristics

Question 4

What does the cerebellum do?

Answer 4

motor control
checking what one is doing vs what one set out to do
1/2 of the neurons of the brain are localised there

Question 5

Thalamus

Answer 5

mejor sensory relay to cortex
2 major nuclei at each side of the brain
related to arousal

Question 6

what part of the brain selects and initiates voluntary complex movements?

Answer 6

the basal ganglia

Question 7

what os the main function of the hypothalamus?

Answer 7

regulation of homeostasis (T, blood V, [ion], pH, O2 and glucose)

Question 8

What are the main ventricles of the brain?

Answer 8

Lateral
3rd
4th
Cerebral Aquaeduct

Question 9

What are the ventricles filled with? what produces it? what cells?

Answer 9

CSF, choroid plexus, ependymal cells

Question 10

where does CSF gets out of the ventricles to reach the arachnoid space?

Answer 10

4th ventricle

Question 11

where does re-absorption of CSF occurs?

Answer 11

Venous Sinus (arachnoid granulations)

Question 12

What are the main foramini of the ventricles?

Answer 12

Interventricular
Lateral Aperture
Medial Aperture

Question 13

WHat parts of the brain are diencephalon?

Answer 13

Thalamus and Basal Ganglia

Question 14

What is the name given to uncal herniation?

Answer 14

transtentorial

Question 15

what are the meninges?

Answer 15

dura
arachnoid
pia

Question 16

what is the name given to cingulate herniations?

Answer 16

Subfalcine (horizontal herniation)

Question 17

How many cervical nerve roots are there?

Answer 17

8

Question 18

what are the names of the foldings of the dura?

Answer 18

Falx

Tentorium

Question 19

what are the main constituents of the BBB?

Answer 19

endothelial cells (tight junctions)
reinforces by the astrocytes foot processes

Question 20

after what vertebrae do the spinal nerves come underneath the vertebrae number?

Answer 20

T1

Question 21

What is rostral to the central sulcus?

Answer 21

the primary motor cortex

Question 22

What area of the motor cortex is supplied by the ACA?

Answer 22

toe-trunk

Question 23

Which corticospinal tract does not decussate?

Answer 23

Ventral in charge of axial muscles

Question 24

what is the pre-frontal area in charge of? also called motor association area?

Answer 24

what one wants to do

more complex/mechanistic movements (planning and sequencing)

Question 25

Apraxia is (and is related with damage to what area)

Answer 25

inability to produce complex sequential movements (motor association area)

Question 26

what are the components of the basal ganglia?

Answer 26

Corpus Striatum Substantia Nigra Subthalamic Nucleus

Question 27

What is known as the lenticular nucleus?

Answer 27

globus palludus and putamen

Question 28

UMND shows clasp-knife relfex via action of the

Answer 28

muscle spindles

Question 29

what are the functions of the basal ganglia?

Answer 29

selection of complex patterns of movements evaluation of success of action and improvement over time initiation of complex movements Rewards pathways

Question 30

what is the main function of the cerebellum?

Answer 30

``` coordination of the time sequencing of complex movements maintenance of muscle tone motor learning (not the skills just the smoothness) ```

Question 31

what are the main lobes of the cerebellum?

Answer 31

anterior posterior flucconodular

Question 32

what structure of the cerebellum attaches it to the brainstem?

Answer 32

the cerebellar peduncles

Question 33

are lesions to the cerebellum showed ipsilaterall/contralaterally

Answer 33

ipsilateral as the pathway decussates twice

Question 34

what are the main interactions of the cerebellum?

Answer 34

with the cerebral cortex and the brainstem

Question 35

what are the layers of the cerebellum?

Answer 35

grey - white - grey

Question 36

define ataxia and with which cerebellar lobe is it related?

Answer 36

``` poor coordination and unsteadiness of movement anterior lobe (chronic alcoholism damages the purkinje cells) ```

Question 37

what pathologies are associated with posterior lobe damage of the cerebellum?

Answer 37

``` Dysmetria Dysdiadochokinesisa (inability to rapidly alternate movement because of problems organising antagonistic muscles) ```

Question 38

lesions to the flucconodular lobe are associated with what pathology?

Answer 38

Truncal Ataxia: Difficulty walking sitting and standing