Locomotion & Posture

Question 1

Problems as reported by the patient are known as…

Answer 1

Symptoms

Question 2

What is a sign?

Answer 2

observable measurements of the patient’s symptoms (can include absence)

Question 3

What is a syndrome?

Answer 3

Cluster of signs and symptoms

Question 4

what are the two phases of locomotion?

Answer 4

Stance and swing

Question 5

Where is the central pattern generator located?

Answer 5

Lumbo-sacral plexus

Question 6

where does the Central Pattern Generator receives its input?

Answer 6

Muscle spindles and Golgi apparatus

Question 7

locomotion pattern still remains if patient is decerebrate T/F?

Answer 7

T, but there is no tone

patient can speed up and slow down but there is no avoiding of obstacles

Question 8

Babies have 2 limb locomotion

Answer 8

yes, but there is no postural tone

Question 9

in % how much force does the activation of the first 1/4 of motor units produce?

Answer 9

5%

Question 10

Muscle strength is incremented in small increments T/F

Answer 10

T

Question 11

First motor neurons recruited are for (1) big/small muscle fibres that can generate force (2) aerobically/anaerobically for (3) long/short periods of time

Answer 11

1 Smal
2 Anaerobically
3 Long

Question 12

Define: Fibrilation

Answer 12

tiny contractions of the muscle without activation of the synapse (might be due to ACh receptor activation without stimuli)

Question 13

Fasciculations are…

Answer 13

Group of muscle fibres contracting involuntarily (synaptic origin) maybe due to a degenerating axon

Question 14

what is the result of long term denervation?

Answer 14

Atrophy and degeneration (irreversible)

Question 15

when are muscles completely inactive?

Answer 15

REM

Question 16

What descending pathway is in charge of axial muscles?

Answer 16

Ventromedial Pathway

Question 17

What pathways and what do they sense feed into the ventromedial pathway?

Answer 17

Coliculospinal tract (from visual fields)
Vestibulospinal Tract (balance)

Question 18

What does the lateral corticospinal tract controls?

Answer 18

Motor activation of muscles

Question 19

where does the lateral corticospinal tract decussate?

Answer 19

decussates at the pyramidal decussation in the lower medulla

Question 20

Last type of fibres activated when contracting a muscle?

Answer 20

Thick, fast fibres, work aerobically but tire quickly

Question 21

Hemiparetic Gait is described as…

Answer 21

Weakness (increased muscle tone) on CONTRALATERAL side [whole body] due to a brain lesion of the motor cortex

Question 22

Circumducting Gate is…

Answer 22

Weakness of the lower extremity without involvement of the upper limb (limb is in full extension)

Question 23

What is worst, decerebrate or decorticate?

Answer 23

Decerebrate indicates involvement of the brainstem. Lesion has affected the midbrain at least

Question 24

how are the limbs in the decerebrate position?

Answer 24

Both extended

Question 25

how are the limbs in the decorticate position?

Answer 25

Flexion of the upper limb

Extension of the lower limb

Question 26

Cortext sends mainly inhibitory signals T/F

Answer 26

F, but in the case of motor control it is true

Question 27

The reticular formation is part of the ——— pathway. And this pathway decussates at the level of ——

Answer 27

Ventromedial Pathway

Does not decussate also called ‘Direct Pyramidal Pathway’

Question 28

Where is the reticular formation found?

Answer 28

Very diffuse in the pons and medulla

Question 29

the reticular formation’s output is mainly… and to the ——

Answer 29

inhibitory

lower limb flexors

Question 30

An important part of the lateral pathway is…

Answer 30

The Red Nucleus

Question 31

the Red Nucleus is found in the…(1) and controls mainly the (2)

Answer 31

(1) Midbrain

(2) Upper Limb

Question 32

The red nucleus’ fibres reaches to and beyond the lumbar area T/F

Answer 32

F, only reaches the cervical part of the spinal cord

Question 33

Via which tract does the Red Nucleus Projects its fibres?

Answer 33

Rubrospinal Tract

Question 34

Output of the Red Nucleus is mainly (1) and to the (2) of the upper limb

Answer 34

1 Excitatory

2 Flexor Muscles

Question 35

Because there is involvement of the midbrain in the —-(1)—– posture, the patient will have the the lower limbs extended and the upper limbs —-(2)—

Answer 35

1 Decerebrate

2 Extended

Question 36

LMN disease shows

Answer 36

relaxation of muscles, weakness, decreased reflexes,

Question 37

UMN Disease shows

Answer 37

Increased tone, weakness due to increased tone, increased reflexes

Question 38

The forehead is supplied by (1) nerve and its got ipsilateral/contralateral supply (2)

Answer 38

1 Trigeminal
2 Both
this is way it can tell us whether it is an UMN disease or a LMN disease

Question 39

the forehead will NOT move in which type of MN disease

Answer 39

Lower

Question 40

What two parts constitute each movement?

Answer 40

Anticipation and Control of Muscle Position

Question 41

what is ANTICIPATION? what is its feedback mechanism?

Answer 41

activity before movement of the limb has been initiated based on what is believed is going to happen
FeedForward thus not perfect

Question 42

Anticipation is controlled by which tract?

Answer 42

Ventral Corticospinal Tract

Question 43

Control of Muscle Position is

Answer 43

the accomodation of the limb to achieve the desired outcome by feedbackwards loop