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CHEM 123 > P2. Carbohydrates > Flashcards

P2. Carbohydrates Flashcards

1
Q

provides energy

A

Carbohydrate oxidation

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2
Q

Carbohydrate storage, in the form of ____, provides a short-term energy reserve.

A

glycogen

  • human and animal energy storage
  • can be found in the liver
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3
Q
  • supply carbon atoms for the synthesis of other biochemical substances (proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids)
  • form part of the structural framework of DNA and RNA molecules.
A

Carbohydrates

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4
Q

Carbohydrates linked to lipids are structural components of?

A

cell membranes

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5
Q

Carbohydrates linked to proteins function in a variety of ____ recognition processes.

A

cell–cell and cell–molecule

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6
Q
  • a compound that yields polyhydroxy aldehydes or polyhydroxy ketones upon hydrolysis.
A

carbohydrates

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7
Q

is a polyhydroxy aldehyde

A

carbohydrate glucose

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8
Q

is a polyhydroxy ketone.

A

carbohydrate fructose

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9
Q

Classifications of Carbohydrates:

A

monosaccharides
disaccharides
oligosaccharides
polysaccharides

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10
Q
  • are classified as aldose or ketose on the basis of the type of carbonyl present.
A

Monosaccharides

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11
Q

glycosides formed from the linkage of two monosaccharides.

A

Disaccharides

Disaccharides is the most important Oligosaccharides.

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12
Q

carbohydrates that
contain three to ten monosaccharide units.

A

Oligosaccharides

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13
Q
  1. are polymers.
  2. are monomers.
A
  1. polysaccharides
  2. monosaccharides
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14
Q
  • handedness in molecules
  • objects & mirror images
A

Chirality

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15
Q

The 2 existant forms of monosaccharides:

A
  1. left handed form
  2. right handed form
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16
Q
  • images that coincide at all points when the images are laid upon each other.
  • same reflection
  • an object and it’s mirror image are identical and can’t be distinguished
A

Superimposable mirror images

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17
Q
  • are images where not all points coincide when the images are laid upon each other.
  • an object and it’s mirror image are different and can be distinguished
A

Nonsuperimposable mirror images

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18
Q
  • an atom in a molecule that has four different groups bonded to it in a tetrahedral orientation.

an atom that has four different groups bonded to it in such a manner that it has a nonsuperimposable mirror image.

A

chiral center

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19
Q
  1. molecule that contains a chiral center and it’s nonsuperimposable w/ features of handedness.
  2. molecule that doesn’t contain a chiral center and it’s superimposable w/o features of handedness.
A
  1. chiral
  2. achiral
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20
Q

molecule whose mirror images are not superimposable (meaning NONSUPERIMPOSABLE).

A

chiral molecule

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21
Q

it is the left & right handed form of chiral molecules

A

STEREOISOMERISM/ ISOMERS

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22
Q

**

  • connected in the same way but are arranged differently in space.
  • same formula but different in structures/space.
A

Stereoisomerism

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23
Q

Two types of Stereoisomerism:

A
  1. enantiomers
  2. diastereomers
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24
Q
  • have structures that are nonsuperimposable mirror images of each other
A

Enantiomers

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25
Q
  • have structures that are not nonsuperimposable mirror images of each other
A

Diastereomers

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26
Q

PROPERTIES OF ENANTIOMERS:

A
  1. constitutional isomers
  2. diastereomers
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27
Q

-differ in most chemical and physical properties.

have different boiling points and melting points.

A

Constitutional isomers

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28
Q

also differ in most chemical and physical properties. They also have different boiling points and freezingpoints

A

Diastereomers

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29
Q

nearly all the properties of a pair of enantiomers are the same.
Two differences:

A
  1. Their interaction with plane polarized light
  2. Their interaction with other chiral substances
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30
Q

Enantiomers are ____: Compounds that rotate ____.

A
  1. optically active
  2. plane polarized light
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31
Q

Two types of Enantiomers Plane Polarized Light:

A
  1. dextrorotary
  2. levorotary
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32
Q
  • D-type
  • present in our body
  • RIGHT hydroxyl group
  • towards the right light movement/ clockwise
  • positive sign
A

dextrorotary

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33
Q
  • L-type
  • LEFT hydroxyl group
  • towards the left light movement/ counterclockwise
  • negative sign

L-sucrose and L-fructose are present in animals

A

levorotary

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34
Q

In D and L you need to look at the structure + and - are determined by using a ____.

A

polarimeter

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35
Q

is a two-dimensional structural notation for showing the spatial arrangement of groups about chiral centers in
molecules.

A

Fischer projection formula

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36
Q

usually the Chiral Center represents what element?

A

Carbon

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37
Q

In a Fischer projection formula a ____ is represented as the intersection of vertical and horizontal lines

A

Chiral Center (Carbon)

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38
Q

used to designate the handedness of glyceraldehyde enantiomers.

can be extended to other monosaccharides with more than one chiral center.

A

D and L system

39
Q
  1. is numbered starting at the carbonyl group end of the molecule
  2. is used to determine D or L configuration.
A
  1. carbon chain
  2. highest-numbered chiral center
40
Q
  • are often classified by both their number of carbon atoms and their functional group.
  • cannot be further hydrolyse to smaller compounds
A

Monosaccharides

  • PENTOSE & HEXOSE are the most important monosaccharides base on human standards.
41
Q

six-carbon monosaccharide with an aldehyde functional group is an

A

aldohexose

42
Q

five-carbon monosaccharide with a ketone functional group is a

A

ketopentose

43
Q
  • the most abundant in nature
  • the most important from a human nutritional standpoint.
A

D-glucose/ aldohexose

44
Q
  • biochemically the most important ketohexose
  • also known as levulose and fruit sugar.
A

D-Fructose/ ketohexose

45
Q
  1. Milk sugar
  2. Synthesize in human
  3. Used to differentiate between blood types
  4. Six membered cyclic form
A

D-Galactose/ Aldohexose

46
Q
  1. Part of RNA
  2. Part ofATP
  3. Part of DNA
  4. Five membered cyclic form
A

D-Ribose/ Aldopentose

47
Q

2 forms of D-glucose:

A

alpha-form
beta-form

48
Q

C1: -OH
C5: CH2OH
(they are on opposite sides)

A

Alpha-form

49
Q

C1: -OH
C5: CH2OH
(they are on the same sides)

50
Q

a two-dimensional structural notation that specifies the three-dimensional structure of a cyclic form of a monosaccharides.

A

HAWORTH PROJECTION FORMULAS

51
Q

determined by the position of the —OH group on C1 relative to the CH2OH group that determines D or L series.

  1. both of these groups point in the same direction
  2. the two groups point in opposite directions
A

Alpha or Beta configuration

  1. Beta configuration
  2. Alpha configuration
52
Q

The specific identity of a monosaccharide is determined by the positioning of the other ____ in the ____.

A
  1. —OH groups
  2. Haworth projection formula
53
Q
  1. any -OH group to the right of the FISCHER PROJECTION FORMULA points ____ to the HAWORTH PROJECTION FORMULA.
  2. any -OH group to the left of the FISCHER PROJECTION FORMULA points ____ to the HAWORTH PROJECTION FORMULA.
54
Q

Five important reactions
monosaccharides:

A
  1. OXIDATION to acidic sugars
  2. REDUCTION to sugar alcohols
  3. Glycoside formation
  4. Phosphate ester formation
  5. Amino Sugar formation
55
Q
  • redox chemistry of monosaccharides is closely linked to the alcohol and aldehyde functional groups present in them.
  • can yield three different types of acidic sugars depending on the type of oxidizing agent used

agents used?

A

Oxidation

Tollen’s and Benedict’s [weak]
Nitric Acid [strong]

56
Q

carbonyl group in a monosaccharide (either an aldose or a ketose) is reduced to a hydroxyl group using hydrogen as the reducing agent.

A

Sugar Alcohols

57
Q

general name for monosaccharide acetals is

58
Q

glucose acetals?
galactose acetals?

A

glucoside
galactoside

59
Q

an acetal formed from a cyclic monosaccharide by replacement of the hemiacetal carbon -OH group with an -OR group.

60
Q

Human blood is classified
into four types:

A

A, B, AB, & O

61
Q

The biochemical basis for the various blood types involves ____ present on ____ .

A
  1. monosaccharides
  2. plasma membranes of red blood cells
62
Q

monosaccharides responsible for blood groups:

A

D-galactose & its derivatives

63
Q

hydroxyl groups of a monosaccharide can react with inorganic oxyacids to form inorganic esters.

A

Phosphate Ester Formation

64
Q

are stable in aqueous solution and play important roles in the metabolism of carbohydrates.

A

Phosphate esters of various monosaccharides

65
Q

one of the hydroxyl groups of a monosaccharide is replaced with an amino group

A

Amino Sugar (Formation)

66
Q

important building blocks of polysaccharides:

A

AMINO SUGARS & their N-acetyl derivatives

67
Q
  • the reaction of 2 monosaccharides forms?
A

disaccharides

68
Q

bond that links the two monosaccharides of a disaccharide (glycoside) together

A

glycosidic linkage

69
Q
  • is produced as an intermediate in the hydrolysis of the polysaccharide cellulose.
  • cannot be digested by humans
A

Cellobiose

70
Q

Cellobiose contains two ____ units linked through a ____ linkage.

A
  1. b - D-glucose monosaccharide
  2. b (1—4) glycosidic
71
Q
  • often called MALT SUGAR
  • produced whenever the polysaccharide starch breaks down

as happens in plants when seeds germinate and in human beings during starch digestion.

72
Q

Structurally, maltose is made up of ____, one of which must be ____.

A
  1. two D-glucose units
  2. a-D-glucose
73
Q

the major sugar found in milk

74
Q

Lactose is made up of ____ unit and a ____ unit joined by a ____.

A
  1. b-D-galactose
  2. b-D-glucose
  3. b (1-4) glycosidic linkage
75
Q

a condition in which people lack the enzyme lactase needed to hydrolyze lactose to galactose and glucose

A

Lactose intolerance

76
Q

hydrolyzes b (1-4) glycosidic linkages

A

Lactase

Deficiency of lactase can be caused by a genetic defect, physiological decline with age, or by injuries to intestinal mucosa.

77
Q
  • table sugar
  • most abundant of all disaccharides & found in plants
  • produced commercially from the juice of sugar cane and sugar be
  • nonreducing sugars
78
Q

a polymer that contains many monosaccharide units bonded to each other by glycosidic linkages.

A

polysaccharide

79
Q

a polysaccharide in which only one type of monosaccharide monomer is present.

A

homopolysaccharide

80
Q

a polysaccharide in which more than one (usually two) type of monosaccharide monomer is present.

A

heteropolysaccharide

81
Q

is a polysaccharide that is a storage form for monosaccharides and is used as an energy source in cells

A

storage polysaccharide

82
Q
  • a homopolysaccharide containing only glucose monosaccharide units.
  • the energy-storage polysaccharide in plants
  • All of the glycosidic linkages (both amylose and amylopectin) are of the a type

they are constantly hydrolyze by ALPHA-AMYLASE

A

Starch

amylose & amylopectin

83
Q

the other polysaccharide in starch, has a high degree of branching in its polyglucose structure.

A

Amylopectin

84
Q
  • like starch, is a polysaccharide containing only glucose units
  • Liver cells and muscle cells are the storage sites
  • an ideal storage form for glucose
85
Q
  • Linear homopolysaccharide with b (1-4) glycosidic bond [humans don’t have these enzymes that is why they can’t digest this]
  • It serves as dietary fiber in food– readily absorbs water and results in softer stools.

animals also do not have that enzyme but they can digest it because of their bacteria in the gut.

86
Q
  • Similar to cellulose in both function and structure
  • Linear polymer with all b (1-4) glycosidic linkages it has a N-acetyl amino derivative of glucose
87
Q

polysaccharides with a repeating disaccharide unit containing an amino sugar and a sugar with a negative charge due to a sulfate or a carboxyl group

A

Acidic polysaccharides

88
Q

Structural polysaccharide present in ____ associated with joints, cartilage, synovial fluids in animals and humans

Examples:
* Hyaluronic acid
* Heparin

A

connective tissue

89
Q
  • Highly viscous - serve as lubricants in the fluid of joints and part vitreous humor of the eye.
A

Hyaluronic acid

90
Q

Alternating residues of Hyaluronic Acid:

A
  1. N-acetyl-b-D-glucosamine
  2. D-glucoronic acid
91
Q

An anticoagulant-prevents blood clots

92
Q

is a lipid molecule that has one or more carbohydrate (or carbohydrate derivative) units covalently bonded to it.

A

Glycolipids

93
Q

is a protein molecule that has one or more carbohydrate (or carbohydrate derivative) units covalently bonded to it.

A

Glycoproteins

CHEM 123 (46 decks)

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