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CHEM 123 > P1. Biomolecules and Cells > Flashcards

P1. Biomolecules and Cells Flashcards

1
Q
  • study of chemical processes within and relating to living organism.
  • science of chemical constituents of living cells.
A

Biochemistry

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2
Q

Four principal classes of Biomolecules:

A
  • Carbohydrates
  • Proteins
  • Lipids
  • Nucleic Acid
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3
Q
  • most common organic molecule
  • mostly from plants
  • PRIMARY energy source
A

Carbohydrates

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4
Q

what is the building block of carbohydrates?

A

MONOMER

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5
Q

what are the elements present in CARBOHYDRATES and its RATIO?

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen
1:2:1

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6
Q

what are the subtypes of CARBOHYDRATES?

A
  1. monosaccharides
  2. disaccharides
  3. polysaccharides (polymer)
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7
Q

examples of monosaccharides are?

monosaccharides contain single sugar

A

glucose or fructose

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8
Q

examples of disaccharides?

disaccharides contains two monosaccharides

A

maltose and sucrose

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9
Q

examples of polysaccharides:

polysaccharides are three monosaccharides.
poly means long chains.

A

starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin

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10
Q

use for energy storage in plants

A

starch

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11
Q

use for energy storage in animals

A

glycogen

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12
Q

provides structural support in plants

A

cellulose

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13
Q

found in exoskeleton of arthropods and cell wall of some fungi

A

chitin

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14
Q
  • energy storage
  • insulates the body
  • makes up the cell membrane
  • hydrophobic
A

lipids

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15
Q

elements present in LIPIDS

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen
1:1:1

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16
Q

monomer (building block) of LIPIDS:

A

1 glycerol & 3 fatty acids

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17
Q

polymer of LIPIDS:

A

phospholipids & triglycerides

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18
Q

Lipids can be?

(2 types of bonds)

A
  1. Saturated
  2. Unsaturated
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19
Q
  • single carbon bonds
  • solid @ room temperature
  • mainly animal fats
A

Saturated Lipids

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20
Q
  • at least one double/ triple carbon bonds
  • liquid @ room temperature
  • mainly plant-based fats
A

Unsaturated Lipids

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21
Q
  • they transport molecules in & out of the cell
  • control the speed of chemical reactions
  • used for growth and repair
  • they makeup the structure of living things
A

Protein

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22
Q

elements present in PROTEIN:

A

Carbohydrates, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen

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23
Q

monomer (building block) of PROTEIN?

A

amino acids

there are 20 different types of amino acids

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24
Q
  • genetic information
  • holds the instructions to make proteins
  • tested by using PCR (polymerase chain reaction)
A

Nucleic Acids

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25
Q

elements present in Nucleic Acids?

A

Carbohydrates, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus

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26
Q

monomer of Nucleic acids?

A

nucleotides

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27
Q

nucleotides is made up of?

A
  1. sugar
  2. phosphate
  3. nitrogenous base

nitrogenous bases/ purines:
adenince
thymine
guanine
cytosine (pyrimidines) / urasil [this is where we base if it is a DNA or RNA]

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28
Q

polymer of NUCLEIC ACID?

A

DNA [deoxyribonucleic acid]
RNA [ribonucleic acid]
ATP [adenosine triphosphate]

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28
Q
  • Smallest part of an organism
  • Basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms

its two major classes?

A

cell

prokaryotes
eukaryotes

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29
Q

characteristic functions of the cell include?

A
  1. cell metabolism & energy use
  2. synthesis molecules
  3. communication
  4. reproduction & inheritance
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30
Q
  • first person to term CELL.
  • small empty chambers in the structure of cork as cells
A

Robert Hooke

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31
Q

plant and animal tissues were composed of cells

A

Matthias Schleiden
Theodore Schwann

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32
Q
  • theory of biogenesis
  • cells only arise from pre-existing cells
A

Rudolf Virchow

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33
Q

cell properties?

A

life’s properties

34
Q

cell activities are dictated by ____, which determines ____.

A
  1. structure (anatomy)
  2. function (physiology)
35
Q
  • DNA is found inside the nucleus
  • membrane bound organelles (mitochondria, ER, golgi complex)
  • mitosis (cell division)
A

Eukaryotes

36
Q
  • DNA is not enclosed within the membrane
  • lack membrane-enclosed organelles
  • binary fission
A

prokaryotes

37
Q

molecular composition of cell according to:
1. water?
2. organic compounds?
3. protein?

A
  1. 70-75%
  2. 25-30%
  3. 10-20%

organic compounds are: nucleic acids, proteins, polysaccharids (carbohydrates, and lipids.

inroganics compounds account for the rest of the cell weight.

38
Q

have membrane bound nucleus & a number of other membrane-bound subcellular (internal) organelles.

A

Eukaryotic Cell

39
Q

cyto =
plasm =

A

cell
fluid

fluid filled interior cell
free floating

40
Q
  • between PLASMA MEMBRANE & NUCLEUS
  • possess both organelles & other material constitutes
  • 70-75% of cytosol
  • suspends cell organelles rich in organic & inorganic compounds
41
Q

membrane-bound structures that carry out specific cell metabolic activities.

A

organelles

42
Q
  • provides support for organelles
  • serves as the VISCOUS FLUID MEDIUM
  • soluble
  • main site for GLYCOLYSIS
  • responsible for various cellular processes: HMP shunt, amino acids and fatty acids synthesis

HMP - hexose monophosphate pathway

43
Q
  • enclose within a double membrane [NUCLEAR ENVELOPE]
  • containes NUCLEOLUS
  • CONTROL CENTER of the cell
44
Q
  • consists of RNA
  • RNA, protein, ribosomes synthesis
45
Q
  • surrounds CHROMATIN & NUCLEOLI
  • contains the DNA for directing protein synthesis
A

Nucleoplasm

46
Q
  • phospholipid bilayer containing cholesterol, protein, and some carbohydrates
  • permeable boundary of the cell/ semi permeable/ physical barrier
  • cell communication
  • fluid & dynamic

most common lipids presents in this part of the cell?
mostly amphipathic (hydrophilic & hydrophobic)

A

Plasma membrane

phospholipids

47
Q
  • powerhouse of the cell
  • double-membrane bound organelles w/ circular strands of DNA
  • responsible for the production of energy in the form of ATP
A

Mitochondria

48
Q
  • pore forming protein in the outer membrane of the mitochondria.
  • make the outer membrane highly permeable to small molecules
49
Q

Intermembrane contains many proteins that participate in _____.

A

oxidative phosphorylation

50
Q

the multipe folds projecting inwards in the inner membrane of the mitochondria.

51
Q
  • elongated, flattened saclike membranous structures.
  • sorting, packaging, secretion (lysosomes & peroxisomes
  • modifies, packages, and sorts materials from ER in transport vesicles

  1. transport cellular materials.
  2. mature vesicles are called?
A

Golgi Apparatus

  1. vesicles
  2. secretory vesicles
52
Q

Membrane enclosed channels of endoplasmic reticulum are called

53
Q

involved in protein synthesis

complexes of RNA and protein

A

ribosomes and RER

ribosomes

54
Q

isolated SER is called?

A

microsomes

55
Q

SER in intestinal cells are involved in?

A

formation of triglycerides

56
Q

SER in the ADRENAL CORTEX is the site of?

A

STEROID FORMATION

57
Q
  • coated with ribosomes
  • ribosomes are attached in cytoplasmic surfaces
  • Extensive interconnected membrane network that varies in shape

Modifies, transports, and stores proteins produces by attached ribosomes

58
Q

Extensive interconnected membrane network lacking ribosome

59
Q
  • Spherical shaped membrane-bound organelles formed from the golgi apparatus
  • contain DIGESTIVE ENZYMES
  • acidic with a pH of 4.8
  • digest microbes or materials by the cell.
  • rich in HYDROLYTIC ENZYMES

are also called SUICIDAL BAGS

A

lysosomes

macrophages are rich in lysosomes

60
Q
  • similar to the lysosome
  • contains enzymes involved in the metabolism of HYDROGEN PEROXIDE.
A

Peroxisomes

61
Q
  • Organized network of protein filaments
  • Maintains integral structural support and organization of cells

3 types?
1. maintain cell shape.
2. give mechanical support to structures like the nucleus and plasma membrane.
3. provides structural support.

A

cytoskeleton

  1. microfilaments
  2. intermediate filaments
  3. microtubules
62
Q
  • most abundant organisms on earth.
  • does not contain a membrane-bound nucleus.
  • surrounded by a plasma membrane.
  • no subcellular organelles, only infoldings of the plasma membrane
  • some have have tail-like flagella.

infoldings of the plasma membrane are called?

A

Prokaryotic Cell

Mesosomes

63
Q

condensed within the cytosol to form the nucleoid.

64
Q

Cell Membrane Transport:

A
  1. Passive Transport (Simple Diffusion, Facilitated Diffusion, Osmosis)
  2. Active Transport (Exocytosis, Endocytosis)
65
Q

diffusion that dissolved solutes through the plasma membrane unassisted.

A

Simple Diffusion

66
Q

diffusion that requires a protein carrier/ transport medium.

A

Facilitated Diffusion

67
Q
  • diffusion of water point across a selectively permeable membrane.
  • higher water potential to lower water potential
68
Q

movement of a substance from an area of its higher concentration to an area of its lower concentration.

69
Q

This type of cell membrane transport uses energy (ATP) provided by the cell

A

Active Transport Process

70
Q
  • the bulk movement of substance out of the cell by the fusion of secretory vesicles with the plasma membrane.
  • release of hormones and waste elimination
A

Exocytosis

71
Q
  • bulk movement of substance into the cells by vesicles forming at the plasma membrane.

  1. engulfment of bacteria
  2. enclosure of vesicles
A

Endocytosis

  1. phagocytosis
  2. pinocytosis
72
Q
  • 90% or more of the life cycle of a typical cell are in this phase.
  • longer phase of the cell cycle where the cell is active and preparing for cell division.
  • Metabolic activities & cell preparation

two major part of cell cycle:

A

interphase

interphase & cell division

73
Q

Interphase is divided into 3 subphase

A

GAP 1/ G1
SYNTHESIS/ S
GAP 2/ G2

74
Q

the first gap phase – cell carries our routine metabolic activities

A

G1 (Gap 1)-Phase

75
Q

DNA replicated (new DNA synthesized)

A

S (Synthesis)-Phase

76
Q

the cell prepares for the cell division.

A

G2 (Gap 2)-Phase

77
Q

Cell division involves 2 major events:

A
  1. division of nucleus to form two nuclei
  2. division of the cytoplasm to form new cells.

MITOSIS - division of nucleus
CYTOKINESIS - division of cytoplasm

78
Q

MITOSIS

A

prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase

79
Q

chromosome consists of two chromatids joined at the centromere.

80
Q

chromosomes align at the center of the cell

81
Q
  • begins in anaphase continues to telophase and ends on the following interphase
  • formation of cleavage furrow or and identification of plasma membrane [first sign)
A

CYTOKINESIS

82
Q

chromatids separate at the centromere and migrate to opposite poles.

83
Q

two new nuclei assume their normal structure, and cell division is completed, producing two new daughter cells.

CHEM 123 (46 decks)

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