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CHEM 123 > M1. Lipids > Flashcards

M1. Lipids Flashcards

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1
Q
  • organic compound [carbon containing substances] found in living organisms
  • insoluble (or only sparingly soluble) in water
  • soluble in non-polar organic solvents

  • lipids of plants in origin.
A

LIPIDS

OILS

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2
Q

True or False?

Lipids can be defined through their structural features.

A

False.
- Lipids do not have a common structural features that serves as the basis for defining such compounds.
- Lipids cannot be characterized in terms of structure due to their structural diversity.

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3
Q

Classification basis for Lipids?

A

Their SOLUBILITY. NOT ON FUNCTIONAL GROUPS.

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4
Q

Lipids are ____ in WATER.

A

INSOLUBLE/ SPARINGLY SOLUBLE

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5
Q

Lipids are ____ in NON-POLAR ORGANIC SOLVENTS.

A

SOLUBLE

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6
Q

**

Examples of Organic Solvents that can solubilize Lipids:

A
  1. Ether
  2. Alcohol
  3. Benzene
  4. Toluene
  5. Chloroform
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7
Q

Five Categories of Lipids:

EME, nandiyan sa bag CP mo, hindi na nakaw.

A
  1. Energy-storage of Lipids
  2. Membrane Lipids
  3. Emulsification Lipids
  4. Chemical messenger Lipids
  5. Protective-Coating Lipids
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8
Q

Energy-storage lipids:
- stored from of energy?

A

TRIACYLGLYCEROLS

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9
Q

Membrane Lipids:
- structural components?

A
  1. PHOSPHOLIPIDS
  2. SPHINGOGLYCOLIPIDS
  3. CHOLESTEROL
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10
Q

Emulsification Lipids:
- they are crucial in lipid breakdown and helps in the intestinal absorption

A

BILE ACIDS

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11
Q

Chemical Messenger Lipids (Cell-to-Cell Communication):
- important in dietary constituents of fat-soluble vitamins such as Vitamin A, D, E, K

A
  • STEROID HORMONE
  • EICOSANOIDS
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12
Q

Protective-Coating Lipids:
- acts as a thermal-insulator that can be found in the subcutaneous tissues and around the certain organs

A

Biological Waxes

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13
Q
  • exhibits structural diversity.
  • Some are esters, some are amides, and some are alcohols (acyclic and cyclic) and some are polycyclic
A

Lipids

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14
Q
  • building block/s of Lipids.
  • simplest or basic unit to constitute complex types of lipids
A

Fatty Acids

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15
Q
  • they are Carboxylic acids with linear (unbranched) carbon chain
  • naturally occurring monocarboxylic acids
A

Fatty Acids

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16
Q

General Formula for Lipids?

A

RCOOH

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17
Q
  • represents the long aliphatic chain of carbon atoms
  • unique to fatty acids
  • basis for the fatty acids identification
A

R group

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18
Q

Even numbers of Carbon atoms:

A
  1. Long-chain fatty acids
  2. Medium-chain fatty acids
  3. Short-chain fatty acids

The carbon chain of the fatty acids may or may not contain carbon to carbon double bonds.

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19
Q

Long-chain fatty acids’ number of Carbon atoms?

A

12-26 Carbons

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20
Q

Medium-chain fatty acids’ number of Carbon atoms?

A

8-10 Carbons

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21
Q

Short-chain fatty acids’ number of Carbon atoms?

A

4-6 Carbons

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22
Q

2 types of FA?

A
  1. Saturated FA
  2. Unsaturated FA
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23
Q
  • all C-C bonds are single bonds
  • numbering starts from the end of -COOH group
A

SATURATED FATTY ACIDS

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24
Q

C-C bonds are double bonds

A

UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS

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25
Q

Two subdivisions of Unsaturated FAs:

A
  1. Monounsaturated FA
  2. Polyunsaturated FA [PUFAs]
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26
Q
  • one C=C bond present
  • different ways of depicting the structure
A

MONOUNSATURATED

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27
Q
  • 2 or more C=C bonds present
  • up to six double bonds are present in fatty acids
A

POLYUNSATURATED

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28
Q

Two types of unsaturated fatty acids:

A
  1. Omega-3 fatty acids: 3 double bonds
  2. Omega-6 fatty acids: 6 double bonds
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29
Q
  • Essential Fatty Acids
  • Must be part of diet
  • examples are Omega-3 FA & Omega-6 FA
A

OMEGA ACIDS

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30
Q

Types of nutritionally important omega acids:

A
  1. Linolenic Acid: omega-3
  2. Linoleic Acid: omega-6

they have a 7:1 ratio.
1 for w3
7 for w6

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31
Q

Linoleic Acid Deficiency:

SILCH

A
  • skin redness
  • infections & dehydration
  • liver abnormalities
  • children needs it most
  • human milk has more linoleic acid than cow’s milk
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32
Q

Water Solubility of FAs:

  1. sparingly soluble in water because of CARBOXYLIC ACID POLAR GROUP
  2. insoluble in water
A
  1. short-chain FA
  2. long-chain FA
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33
Q

@ room temperature:

  1. FAs w/ 10 carbons or less are ____ in nature. OILS.
  2. FAs w/ more than 10 carbons are ____ in nature. FATS.
A
  1. liquid
  2. solid
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34
Q

Melting poing of Lipids depends on?

A
  1. number/length of carbon chains
  2. degree of unsaturation

more FAs carbon chains = insoluble in water

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35
Q

Melting Point:

Carbon chain: increases
Melting point: ____

A

increases

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36
Q

Melting Point:

More double bonds: ____

A

less efficient/ more liquid

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37
Q

Melting Point:

Low melting point: ____ @ room temp.

A

liquid

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38
Q

Space-Filling Molecules

increase number of bends in FAs chains: ____

A

increase number of double bonds

  • Less packing occurs
  • Melting point is lower
  • Liquid at room temperature
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39
Q
  • concentrated primarily in special cells (adipocytes)
  • energy-storage material of lipids.
A

TRIACYLGLYCEROLS

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40
Q

TWO TYPES OF TRIACYLGLYCEROLS:

A
  1. Simple Triacylglycerols
  2. Mixed Triacylglycerols
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41
Q

Three identical fatty acids are
esterified

A

Simple Triacylglycerols

42
Q

triester formed from the esterification of glycerol w/ more than one kind of fatty acid

A

Mixed Triacylglycerols

43
Q

Triacylglycerols are linked by?

A

Ester Linkages/ Bonds

44
Q

formed from the Carboxyl group of fatty acid and OH group from the alcohol

A

Esters/ Ester bonds

45
Q

FATS & OILS

PHYSICAL STATE:
1. saturated + solid @ room temp.
2. unsaturated + liquid @ room temp.

A
  1. fats
  2. oils
46
Q

FATS & OILS

  1. animal source + tasteless
  2. plants + fish oils
  3. colorless + odorless
A
  1. fats
  2. oils
  3. pure fats & oils
47
Q

used for dietary considerations or TAG/ATG

A

fats

48
Q

recommended amounts of total fat intake in calories:
1. monounsaturated fats
2. polyunsaturated fats
3. saturated fats

A
  1. 15%
  2. 10%
  3. <10%
49
Q

are considered “bad fats”

A

saturated fats
trans-monounsaturated fats

50
Q

are considered “good fats”

A

monounsaturated fats

51
Q
  • can be both “good fats” and “bad fats”
  • Omega 3 and 6 are important polyunsaturated “good fats”
A

polyunsaturated fats

52
Q
  • Fatty acids obtained from dietary sources
  • not synthesized within the body
A

ESSENTIAL FATTY ACIDS

53
Q
  • have a strong protective effect against coronary heart disease
  • low saturated fatty acids
  • have antioxidant vitamins and minerals
  • have plant fiber protein
A

Nuts

[eatings nuts]

54
Q

Chemical Reactions of Triacylglycerols:

A
  1. Partial Hydrolysis
  2. Saponification
  3. Hydrogenation
  4. Oxidation
55
Q
  • Chemical Properties due to two functional groups: esters and alkenes
  • Breaking of 1-2 ester bonds to give rise to mono- or diacylglycerol and fatty acid(s)
  • Carried out by enzymes produced by the pancreas

1) what is the pancreatic enzyme mentioned above?
2) 2 attached FA directly against the glycerol + 1 free FA
3) 1 attached FA + 2 free FA

A

PARTIAL HYDROLYSIS

1) PANCREATIC LIPASE
2) Diglyceride
3) Monoglyceride

56
Q
  • HYDROLYSIS in basic solution
  • treated w/ STRONG ALKALI SOLUTION
  • Produce salt of fatty acid and glycerol

the 2 strong alkali solutions:

A

SAPONIFICATION

  1. NaOH
  2. KOH
57
Q

Addition of hydrogen across double (=) bond - increases degree of saturation

catalysts used on this chemical reaction?

A

HYDROGENATION

1) Fe
2) Cu
3) Co

58
Q
  • Double bonds in triacylglycerols are subject to oxidation with oxygen in air (an oxidizing agent )
  • Leads to C=C breakage

oxidation of alkenes may result into two short chain molecules. They are?

A

OXIDATION

  1. aldehydes
  2. carboxylic acid
    - these two have objectionable odors or are rancid due to oxidation.
59
Q
  • To avoid this unwanted oxidation process antioxidants are added as preservatives.
  • They are good antioxidant preservatives.
A

Vitamin C and E

60
Q

this lipid contains:
- one or more fatty acids
- phosphate group
- platform molecule (glycerol or sphingosine)
- alcohol

  • fatty acids and phosphate group are attached to the glycerol.
  • alcohol is attached to the phosphate group.
A

Phospholipids/Glycerophospholipids

61
Q

alcohols that may be attached to the phosphate group are:

A
  1. choline/ phosphatidylcholines
  2. ethanolamine/ phosphatidylethanolamines
  3. serine/ phosphatidylserines

they are called CEPHALINS

62
Q

triacylglycerols & glycerophospholipids have different:

A
  1. biochemical functions
  2. polarity
63
Q
  • can be seen in the brain and lungs.
  • have function in blood coagulation.
  • are soluble in methanol & ethanol.
  • function as components of cell membranes.
  • polar
A

Glycerophospholipids

64
Q
  • energy storage molecules
  • non-polar
A

Triacylglycerols

65
Q
  • 18-carbon monounsaturated amino-dialcohol sphingosine.
  • 1 FA + 1 phosphate group attached to Sphingosine.
  • Alcohol attached to phosphate group.
  • Saponifiable lipids

  • the alcohol esterified to the phosphate group is choline are called
  • found at the gray-matter
A

SPINGOPHOSPHOLIPIDS

sphingomyelins

66
Q
  • found in all cell membranes
  • important structural components of the myelin sheath of neurons
A

SPHINGOMYELINS

67
Q

Contains both a fatty acid and carbohydrate

A

Sphingoglycolipids

68
Q
  • Simple sphingoglycolipids
  • found in the white matter
  • contains a single monosaccharide unit - either glucose or galactose
  • occur primarily in brain (7% of dry mass)
A

Cerebrosides

69
Q
  • Complex sphingoglycolipids
  • branched chain of up to seven monosaccharide residues
  • found in the gray matter & in the myelin sheath
A

Gangliosides

70
Q
  • third major type of membrane lipid
  • Lipids: Fused Rings
  • C27 steroid molecule
  • Important in human cell membranes, nerve tissue and brain tissue

is a lipid whose structure is based on a fused ring system of three 6 carbon rings and one 5 carbon ring.

A

CHOLESTEROL

steroid

71
Q
  • synthesized in the liver at least 1 g everyday.
  • synthesis decrease if it is ingested but reduction is not sufficient.
  • Leads to cardiovascular disease.
A

CHOLESTEROL

Animal Food: Lot of cholesterol
Plant Food: No cholesterol

72
Q
  • surrounded by plasma membranes
  • Separates aqueous interior of a cell from the aqueous environment
  • 80% of plasma membrane is lipid material

membranes are lipid bilayer made up of…

A

CELLS

phospholipids
- Nonpolar tails: middle
- Polar heads: surface

73
Q

liquid like structure due to unsaturation in lipid tails

A

Membranes

74
Q

Plasma Membrane components:

A
  • cholesterol
  • protein
75
Q
  • helps regulate membrane fluidity
  • make it rigid
  • acts a membrane plasticizer

  • fused ring system does nor allow rotation of fatty acid tails in the vicinity
  • Fits between fatty acid chains of the lipid bilayer
A

CHOLESTEROL

76
Q
  • for moving substances (nutrients & electrolytes)
  • Receptors for hormones and neurotransmitters
  • Act as markers (for recognition of different cells)
A

PROTEINS

77
Q

Lipids with proteins are?

A

non-polar lipids

78
Q
  • protein part of the lipoprotein
  • held together by non-covalent force
A

APOPROTEIN/
APOLIPOPROTEIN

79
Q
A
79
Q
  • tri- or dihydroxy cholesterol derivatives
  • carbon 17 side chain of cholesterol has been oxidized to a carboxylic acid

  • oxidized acid side chain is bonded to an amino acid
    (either glycine or taurine) through an amide linkage
A

BILE ACIDS

80
Q
  • secreted by the liver
  • stored in the gallbladder
  • released into the small intestine

hormone that signals the bile acids to release

A

BILE ACIDS

cholecystokinin

81
Q

primary bile acids and end products of cholesterol catabolism

A

cholic acid
chenodeoxycholic acid

82
Q
  • produced by a ductless gland [endocrine gland]
  • a messenger function.
  • means of communication between various tissues
  • are lipids
A

HORMONES

83
Q

lipids that play the role of “chemical messengers”

  1. cholesterol derivatives
  2. arachidonic acid derivatives
A
  1. steroid hormones
  2. eicanosoids
84
Q

two major classes of steroid hormones:

  1. control reproduction and secondary sex characteristics
  2. control numerous biochemical processes in the body.
A
  1. sex hormones
  2. adrenocorticoid hormones
85
Q

three major groups of sex hormones:

  1. female sex hormones
  2. male sex hormones
  3. pregnancy hormones
A
  1. Estrogens
  2. Androgens
  3. Progestins
86
Q
  • produced by the adrenal glands

small organs located on top of each kidney

A

ADRENOCORTICOID HORMONES

adrenal glands/ suprarenal gland

87
Q

Two types of adrenocorticoid hormones:

A
  1. mineralocorticoids/ G zone
  2. glucocorticouds/ F zone
88
Q

control the balance of Na and K ions in cells

A

Mineralocorticoids

89
Q

control glucose metabolism and counteract inflammation

A

Glucocorticoids

90
Q
  • local hormone
  • arachidonic derivates
  • 20 carbon atoms:4 doubles bonds
  • hormone-like molecules
  • very short life
A

Eicosanoids

91
Q

Physiological effects of eicosanoids:

A
  1. inflammatory responses
  2. pain & fever production
  3. regulates BP
  4. induction of blood clotting
  5. controL reproductive functions (induction of labor)
  6. regulation of sleep/ wake cycle (itigil mo na, Eicosanoids sa katawan ko T^TXD)
92
Q

THREE PRINCIPLE TYPES of Eicosanoids:

carbohydrate: prostonoic

A
  1. Prostaglandins
  2. Thromboxanes
  3. Leukotriens

C20-fatty-acids

93
Q
  • cyclopentaine ring + oxygen-containing functional groups
  • prevented by aspirin
  • C20-fatty acid derivatives
A

Prostoglandins

94
Q

physiological effects of prostaglandins:

A
  1. increases body temp. [fever]
  2. secretion of gastric juices
  3. secretion of protective mucus layer
  4. relaxation & contraction of smooth muscles
  5. directs water & electrolyte balance
  6. intensifies pain
  7. enhances inflammation responses
95
Q
  • cyclic ether + oxygen-containing functional groups
  • C20-fatty acid derivatives
  • promote platelet aggregation
A

Thromboxanes

96
Q
  • conjugated doubles bonds + hydroxy groups
  • C20-fatty acids
  • promote inflammatory & hypersensitivity (allergy) responses
A

Leukotrienes

97
Q

monoester of a long-chain fatty acid and a long-chain alcohol.

A

biological wax

98
Q
  • Generally are saturated fatty acids
  • Contain 14 to 36 carbon atoms.
A

fatty acids found in biological waxes

99
Q
  • May be saturated or unsaturated
  • May contain 16 to 30 carbon atoms
A

alcohols found in biological waxes

100
Q

Biological waxes are water-insoluble and water-repellent because of ____.

A

long nonpolar hydrocarbon chains

101
Q

Function of biological waxes

A
  1. protection
  2. water repellency
  3. feather water-repellent
  4. minimizes loss of body heat
  5. plants coat
  6. prevent excessive evaporation
  7. protect agains parasite attack

CHEM 123 (46 decks)

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