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Clinical Bacteriology > (P) Lec 3.1: Bacterial Pathogenesis and Epidemiology, Antimicrobials and Mechanism of Bacterial Resistance, and Indigenous Microbial Flora > Flashcards

(P) Lec 3.1: Bacterial Pathogenesis and Epidemiology, Antimicrobials and Mechanism of Bacterial Resistance, and Indigenous Microbial Flora Flashcards

Chapter 2 of Mahon's

1
Q

T or F: There are more microorganisms than humans.

A

True the fire

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2
Q

T or F: Microorganism-human encounters are inevitable.

A

True the fire ulit

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3
Q

The mechanism of exposure depends on _____

A

Person’s activity/behavior

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4
Q

Harmless microorganisms that inhabit the human body in large numbers

A

Pathogen

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5
Q

Competes with potential pathogens for resources and attachment sites

A

Pathogen

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6
Q

This aids in the digestion and nutrient absorption

A

Vitamin K

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7
Q

What are the sterile body parts?

A

Blood
Lungs
Brain
Serous Fluids (pericardial, peritoneal, and pleural)

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8
Q

What does sterile mean?

A

No microorganisms should be present.

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9
Q

What happens if there are microorganisms present in supposedly sterile body parts?

A

Sepsis

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10
Q

They are commonly found on or in body sites of healthy persons and are homegrown/native.

A

Indigenous Microbial Flora

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11
Q

They colonize an area for months or years and are life-long members of the community.

A

Resident Microbial Flora

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12
Q

They are present at a site temporarily (passing by daw sabi ni Sir Mabaggu) and are eliminated by host’s inherent immune defenses or by competition with resident biota.

A

Transient Microbial Flora

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13
Q

What are the factors that determine the composition of the usual microbial flora?

A
  1. Nutritional and Environmental Factors
  2. Resistance to bile, lysozyme, or fatty acids
  3. pH
  4. Low Oxidation-Reduction Potential
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14
Q

Factors that determine the composition of the usual microbial flora

  • More organisms inhabit moist areas than dry areas. (eg. diphtheroids & non-pathogenic corynebacterium)
A

Nutritional and Environmental Factors

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15
Q

Factors that determine the composition of the usual microbial flora

  • Lipids and fatty acids are bactericidal to most bacteria.
  • Propionibacterium spp. (ex. P. acne – causative agent of pimples)

They are able to breakdown the skin lipids to fatty acids.

A

Resistance to bile, lysozyme, or fatty acids

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16
Q

Factors that determine the composition of the usual microbial flora

  • Female genital tract microbiota depends on the pH of that environment (4.0-5.0)
  • Many bacteria do not survive at this extreme pH range (pero sabi ni Sir Mabaggu kaya daw ng Lactobacillus so maniwala na lang kayo hehe)
A

pH

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17
Q

Factors that determine the composition of the usual microbial flora

What is the usual pH of the female genital tract microbiota?

A

4.0 to 5.0

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18
Q

Factors that determine the composition of the usual microbial flora

  • This environment supports only organisms capable of fermentation. (eg. gingival crevices - bacteroides and fusobacterium, obligate anaerobes)
A

Low Oxidation-Reduction Potential

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19
Q

Composition of Microbial Biota

Has numerous mechanisms to prevent infection and protect underlying tissue.

A

Skin

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20
Q

Composition of Microbial Biota

This includes:
* physical separation
* presence of fatty acids
* excretion of lysozyme (sweat glands)
* desquamation (skin)

A

Skin

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21
Q

Composition of Microbial Biota (Skin)

Armpit, groin, axillae, and between toes

A

Aerobic Diphtheroids – Corynebacterium spp

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22
Q

Composition of Microbial Biota (Skin)

Hair Follicles, sweat and sebaceous gland

A

Staphylococcus epidermidis and Propionibacterium spp.

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23
Q

Composition of Microbial Biota

The oral cavity — contains a large number of bacteria, with Streptococcus being the predominant genus

A

Upper Respiratory Tract

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24
Q

Composition of Microbial Biota (URT)

Mouth

A

Gram (-) anaerobes

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25
Q

Composition of Microbial Biota (URT)

Nose

A

Diplococci and diphtheroids

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26
Q

Composition of Microbial Biota (URT)

Oropharynx

A

Mixture of streptococci (mitis, mutans, milleri, sanguinis, salivarius, pneumoniae)

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27
Q

Composition of Microbial Biota

  • Comprises the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and colon
  • Less microbial population in esophagus (mostly transient)
A

Gastrointestinal Tract

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28
Q

Composition of Microbial Biota (GI Tract)

Stomach

A

Streptococcus
Enterococcus
Prevotella
Opportunistic Helicobacter pylori

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29
Q

Composition of Microbial Biota (GI Tract)

Colon

(contains 70% of all the microbes in the body; these microbes (on the right) outnumber g(-) bacteria in the large intestine)

A

Obligate anaerobes (Bacteroides, Clostridium, Prevotella, Porphyromonas)

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30
Q

Composition of Microbial Biota

Kidney, bladder, cervix, and fallopian tube are?

A

Normally Sterile

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31
Q

Composition of Microbial Biota (Genitourinary Tract)

Vaginal biota (before puberty)

A

Yeasts
Gram (-) bacilli
Gram (+) cocci

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32
Q

Composition of Microbial Biota (Genitourinary Tract)

Vaginal biota (childbearing years)

A

Lactobacilli
Anaerobic gram (-) bacilli
Gram (+) cocci

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33
Q

Composition of Microbial Biota

Vagina epithelial cells maintain a ____ pH, which encourages the colonization of listed bacteria.

A

Low

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34
Q

Some organisms that make up the microbial biota live off the _____

A

Host’s nutrients

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35
Q

in most cases, they provide some benefit to the host, creating a ____ relationship.

A

Symbiotic

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36
Q

Activation of Immune System

A
  • Secretion of metabolic products
  • Prevention of pathogen adhesion
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37
Q

Recognized to cause disease in healthy immunocompetent individuals a high percentage of the time

Yersinia pestis and Bacillus anthracis

A

True Pathogens

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38
Q

Causes disease when their habitat is altered or when the host’s immune system is compromised

A

Opportunists

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39
Q

Can be found in traumatized areas (accidental/surgical) and may reach sterile or other parts where these organisms are not part of the microbial biota

A

Opportunists

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40
Q

Name the organisms (sorry, I’m not a sadist)

Foreign bodies (catheters, shunts, prosthetic heart valves)

A
  • Staphylococcus epidermidis
  • Propionibacterium acnes
  • Viridans streptococci
  • Serratia marcescens
  • Pseudomonas aeruginosa
  • Aspergillus spp
  • Candida albicans
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41
Q

Name the organisms (sorry, I’m not a sadist)

Alcoholism

A
  • Streptococcus pneumoniae
  • Klebsiella pneumoniae
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42
Q

Name the organisms (sorry, I’m not a sadist)

Burns

A
  • Pseudomonas aeruginosa
  • Acinetobacter baumannii-calcoaceticus complex (drug-resistant)
  • Staphylococcus aureus
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43
Q

Name the organisms (sorry, I’m not a sadist)

Hematoproliferative disorders

A
  • Cryptococcus neoformans
  • Varicella-zoster virus
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44
Q

Name the organisms (sorry, I’m not a sadist)

Cystic Fibrosis

A
  • Pseudomonas aeruginosa
  • Burkholderia cepacia
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45
Q

Name the organisms (sorry, I’m not a sadist)

Immunosuppresion (drugs, congenital disease)

A
  • Candida albicans
  • Pneumocystis jirovecii
  • Herpes simplex virus
  • Aspergillus spp.
  • Diphtheroids (Corynebacterium spp.)
  • Cytomegalovirus
  • Staphylococcus spp.
  • Pseudomonas spp.
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46
Q

What do you call an infection that occurs as the result of treatment?

A

Iatrogenic Infection

47
Q

Relative ability of a microorganism to cause disease or the degree of pathogenicity

A

Virulence

48
Q

Ability to resist phagocytes (macrophages, neutrophils, badings)

A

Virulence

49
Q

Ability to survive intracellularly and proliferate

A

Virulence

50
Q

Give the Virulence Factor

E.Coli

A

O antigen (smooth strains) — somatic
K antigen (acid polysacc) — capsular

51
Q

Give the Virulence Factor

Neisseria gonorrhoeae
(G(-) diplococci)

A

Fimbriae

attaches to mucous membrane of GI tract

52
Q

Give the Virulence Factor

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

A

Polysaccharide slime (surface slime)

53
Q

Give the Virulence Factor

Salmonella typhi

A

Vi antigen (enteric fever – foodborne)

54
Q

Give the Virulence Factor

Bacillus anthracis

A

Toxic complex
Capsular poly-D-glutamic acid

55
Q

Check niyo yung transes for the table for microorganism, types of interference and mechanism.

A

Give yourself a break, ang hirap ng cards na ‘to </3

56
Q

Disease from infection is noticeable only if tissue damage occurs

A

Ability to produce extracellular toxins and enzymes

57
Q

May be from toxins, either exotoxins or endotoxins, or from inflammatory substances that cause host-diven, immunologically mediated damage.

A

Ability to produce extracellular toxins and enzymes

58
Q
  • Poisonous substances produced by organisms that interact with host cells
  • Disrupts normal metabolism and causing harm
A

Toxins

59
Q

Check niyo ulit yung table for the differences of exotoxins and endotoxins and the table for examples of exotoxins of pathogenic bacteria

A

Good luck, babes!

60
Q

T or F: For diseases caused by endotoxins, adherence to host cells are not important.

A

F

Exotoxins, not endotoxins

61
Q

What are the host resistance factors?

A
  • Physical Barrier
  • Cleansing Mechanisms
  • Antimicrobial Substances
  • Indigenous Microbial Flora
  • Phagocytosis
62
Q

Host Reistance Factors

Intact Skin and Microbial Flora and Sebaceous Glands

A

Physical Barrier

63
Q

Host Reistance Factors

Stratified and cornified epithelium presents a physical barrier to penetration by most microorganisms

A

Intact Skin

64
Q

Host Reistance Factors

Long-chain fatty acids secreted = low pH

A

Microbial Flora & Sebaceous glands

65
Q

Host Reistance Factors

  • Desquamation of the skin surface.
  • Tears bathing the cornea and sclera = lubrication + wash foreign matter and infectious agents (also contain IgA and lysozyme)
A

Cleansing Mechanism

66
Q

Host Reistance Factors (Antimicrobial Substances)

A substance that plays a major role in resistance to infection

A

Lysozyme

67
Q

Host Resistance Factors (Antimicrobial Substances)

Hydrolyzes the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls

A

Lysozyme

68
Q

Host Resistance Factors (Antimicrobial Substances)

  • Found in mucous secretions of the respiratory, genital, and digestive tracts
  • Serves as opsonins
  • Enhances phagocytosis
  • Fix complement and neutralize infecting organisms
A

Antibodies (especially secretory IgA)

69
Q

Host Resistance Factors (Antimicrobial Substances)

Inhibits the proliferation of viruses

A

Interferons

70
Q

Host Resistance Factors (Indigeneous Microbial Flora)

Lessens the chance that the pathogen will colonize the host

A

Competition

71
Q

Host Resistance Factors (Indigeneous Microbial Flora)

Substances that inhibit the growth of closely related bacteria

A

Bacteriocins

72
Q

Host Resistance Factors

Primary mechanism in the host defense against extracellular bacteria and numerous viruses and fungi

A

Phagocytosis

73
Q

Host Resistance Factors

The PMNs, macrophages, and monocytes are the body’s first line of defense

A

Phagocytosis

74
Q

Tissue Distribution of Monocytes/Macrophages

Blood

A

Monocyte

75
Q

Tissue Distribution of Monocytes/Macrophages

Liver

A

Kupffer Cell

76
Q

Tissue Distribution of Monocytes/Macrophages

Lung

A

Alveolar Macrophage

77
Q

Tissue Distribution of Monocytes/Macrophages

Connective Tissue

A

Histiocyte

78
Q

Tissue Distribution of Monocytes/Macrophages

CNS

A

Microglial Cell

79
Q

Tissue Distribution of Monocytes/Macrophages

Kidney

A

Mesangial Cells

80
Q

Tissue Distribution of Monocytes/Macrophages

Spleen, Lymph Nodes

A

Macrophage

81
Q

Host Resistance Factors

Four activities must occur for phagocytosis to take place and be effective in host defense

A

Chemotaxis

82
Q

Host Resistance Factors (Chemotaxis)

What are the four activities that must occur for phagocytosis?

A
  • Migration of phagocyte to the area of infection
  • Attachment of the particle to the phagocyte
  • Ingestion
  • Killing
83
Q

Host Resistance Factors

Body’s non-specific response to injury or foreign body

A

Inflammation

84
Q

Host Resistance Factors (Inflammation)

Accumulation of phagocytic cells

A

Hallmark

85
Q

Host Resistance Factors

Consists of numerous cells and protein molecules that are responsible for recognizing and removing foreign substances

A

Immune Response

86
Q

Host Resistance Factors (Immune Responses)

What are the two divisions of immune responses?

A
  1. Innate or Natural: little to no specificity
  2. Adaptive or Specific: highly specialized
87
Q

Types of Immunity

  • Non-specific, no memory
  • Ex.
    skin, stomach acid, PMN, and NK cells
A

Natural/Innate

88
Q

Types of immunity

  • Specific memory, with memory
  • Ex. T cells (cytokines) and B cells (antibodies)
A

Adaptive/Specific

89
Q
  • T cell that secretes lymphokines
  • Defense against Viral/Fungal (Intracellular)
A

Cellular Immunity

90
Q
  • B cells (plasma cells)
  • Defense against bacterial infections (Extracellular)
A

Humoral Immunity

91
Q

Antibodies/Immunoglobulins

  • Activates complement (component of innate immunity)
  • Greatest concentration in serum
  • Crosses the placenta (confers protection in both prenatal and postnatal period)
  • Secondary (in terms of response)
A

IgG

92
Q

Antibodies/Immunoglobulins

  • Prominent in early immune response
  • Fixes complement
  • Largest antibody; pentamer
A

IgM

93
Q

Antibodies/Immunoglobulins

  • Predominance in body secretions
  • Primary defense against local infections at mucosal surface
  • (Lysozyme, β-lysin)
  • A dimer
A

IgA

94
Q

Antibodies/Immunoglobulins

  • Allergy
  • Triggers the release of histamines from mast cells (tissue based basophil)
A

IgE

95
Q

Antibodies/Immunoglobulins

  • Present on B-cell surface (receptor for antigen)
  • Unknown functions
A

IgD

96
Q

Routes of Transmission

The first step in initiating an infection is for the infectious agent to?

A

Gain access to the host

97
Q

Routes of Transmission

The agent must be able to?

A

Evade host defenses and colonize the tissue at the point of entry

98
Q

Routes of Transmission

T or F: Most agents have a preferred route.

A

True the fire

99
Q

Identify the route of transmission

  • Influenza
  • M. Tuberculosis
A

Respiratory droplets

100
Q

Route of Transmission

  • Capnocytophaga
  • Rabies (sabi nung book)
A

Animal bite

101
Q

Routes of Transmission

  • Salmonella
  • Shigella
A

Stool > water/food > mouth (Fecal-oral route)

101
Q

Routes of Transmission

  • Leptospira interrogans
  • R. ricketsii
A

Zoonotic

102
Q

Routes of Transmission

  • Hepatitis B
  • HIV
  • Malaria
A

Needle prick
Blood transfusion

103
Q

Routes of Transmission

  • S. aureus (sabi ni Sir Mabaggu)
  • Human papillomavirus (warts)
  • Syphilis
A

Skin to Skin

104
Q

Routes of Transmission

  • N. gonorrhoeae
  • Chlamydia trachomatis
A

Genital secretions

105
Q

Routes of Transmission

  • P. aeruginosa
  • P. mirabilis
A

Urine > hand > catheter

106
Q

Identify the organism responsible for the disease: Anthrax

A

Bacillus anthracis

107
Q

Identify the organism responsible for the disease: Brucellosis

A

Brucella spp

108
Q

Identify the organism responsible for the disease: Erysipeloid

A

Erysipeloithrix rhusiopathiae (acquired thru animal carcasses)

109
Q

Identify the organism responsible for the disease: Leptospirosis

A

Leptospira interrogans

110
Q

Identify the organism responsible for the disease: Tularemia

A

Franciscella tularensis (acquired thru animal carcasses)

111
Q

Identify the organism responsible for the disease: Lyme dse

A

Borrelia burgdorferi

112
Q

Identify the organism responsible for the disease: Plague

A

Yersinia Pestis (acquired thru anthropod vectors)

113
Q

Identify the organism responsible for the disease: Rat bite fever

A

Streptobacillus monoliforms

Clinical Bacteriology (9 decks)

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