(P) Lec 1: Bacterial Morphology and Ultrastructure, Physiology, Metabolism, Genetics and Nutrition (Part 2)

Question 1

Bacterial Growth and Replication

The process of growing the organism in culture by either in vivo or in vitro

Answer 1

Cultivation

Question 2

Bacterial Growth and Replication

This allows for definitive identification, isolation, treatment response measuring, and bank strain of the bacteria

Answer 2

Cultivation

Question 3

Bacterial Growth and Replication

In cultivation, this happens in live cells such as in humans and lab animals

Answer 3

In vivo

Question 4

Bacterial Growth and Replication

In cultivation, this happens using an artificial media outside of the body

Answer 4

In vitro

Question 5

Bacterial Growth and Replication

This is the gold standard for the identification of bacteria

Answer 5

Cultivation

Question 6

Bacterial Growth and Replication

The propagation of bacteria based on their specific pH and preferences in gas and temperature; it uses a liquid or solid growth medium

Answer 6

Bacterial Cultivation

Question 7

Bacterial Growth and Replication

In bacterial cultivation, what are the alternative names for liquid and solid growth mediums?

Answer 7

Broth and Agar

Question 8

Bacterial Growth and Replication

Bacterial cultivation requires environments that contain what? (6 answers)

Answer 8

1. Carbon source
2. Nitrogen source
3. Energy source
4. Inorganic salts
5. Growth factors
6. Electron donors and acceptors

Question 9

Bacterial Growth and Replication

What organisms are susceptible to dessication?

Answer 9

Treponema pallidum and Neisseria gonorrhea

Question 10

Bacterial Growth and Replication

Organisms susceptible to dessication often come from where?

Answer 10

From urethral and vaginal discharges (a moist environment)

Question 11

Bacterial Growth and Replication

What organisms can withstand drying?

Answer 11

Sporeformers (Bacillus and Clostridium)

Question 12

Bacterial Growth and Replication

TOF: Bacteria prefer moist environments and are therefore more prone to multiply in those environments

Answer 12

True

Question 13

Bacterial Growth and Replication

What is the causative agent of syphilis?

Answer 13

Treponema pallidum

Question 14

Bacterial Growth and Replication

This bacteria is found in the throat, conjunctiva, and mucous membranes

Answer 14

Neisseria gonorrhea

Question 15

Bacterial Classification: Oxygen Requirement

These require oxygen for them to live (cannot thrive without it) and contain enzymes that degrade free radicals in oxygen

Answer 15

Obligate Aerobes

Question 16

Bacterial Classification: Oxygen Requirement

What 2 enzymes from obligate aerobes catalyze the degradation of free radicals from oxygen?

Answer 16

1. Superoxide Dismutase
2. Catalase

Question 17

Bacterial Classification: Oxygen Requirement

These cannot live in the presence of oxygen instead they utilize fermentation pathways (foul-smelling)

Answer 17

Obligate Anaerobes

Question 18

Bacterial Classification: Oxygen Requirement

Obligate anaerobes are usually inhabitants of which parts of the body?

Answer 18

GIT and deep wounds

Question 19

Bacterial Classification: Oxygen Requirement

What enzymes do obligate anaerobes lack?

Answer 19

1. Superoxide Dismutase
2. Cytochrome C Oxidase

Question 20

Bacterial Classification: Oxygen Requirement

These require hydrogen acceptors, are found in 99% of fecal flora, can cause polymicrobial infections, and are foul-smelling (e.g. foot gangrene of diabetes mellitus patients)

Answer 20

Obligate Anaerobes

Question 21

Bacterial Classification: Oxygen Requirement

TOF: Obligate aerobes outnumber obligate anaerobes

Answer 21

False

Question 22

Bacterial Classification: Oxygen Requirement

These can thrive with or without oxygen, they utilize either the respiration or fermentation pathway, and consumes less glucose under respiratory metabolism (Pasteur effect)

Answer 22

Facultative Anaerobes

Question 23

Bacterial Classification: Oxygen Requirement

TOF: Facultative aerobes are the most pathogenic bacteria

Answer 23

False (there are no such thing as facultative aerobes)

Question 24

Bacterial Classification: Oxygen Requirement

These resemble facultative anaerobes and can have fermentative metabolism with or without oxygen (will only tolerate oxygen at very low concentrations; microaerophilic)

Answer 24

Aerotolerant

Question 25

# Bacterial Classification: Optimum Temperature These grow optimally at 5-10 degrees celsius

Answer 25

Psychrophiles (e.g. Listeria monocytogenes)

Question 26

# Bacterial Classification: Optimum Temperature This psychrophile can contaminate blood bags and AC systems

Answer 26

Listeria monocytogenes

Question 27

# Bacterial Classification: Optimum Temperature These grow optimally at body temeprature or around 30-37 degrees celsius

Answer 27

Mesophiles (most pathogenic bacteria)

Question 28

# Bacterial Classification: Optimum Temperature Thrive in more than 37 degrees celsius environments

Answer 28

Thermophiles (e.g. Geobacillus stearothermophilus)

Question 29

# Bacterial Classification: Optimum Temperature This thermophile is used in autoclave tape indicators

Answer 29

Geobacillus stearothermophilus

Question 30

# Bacterial Classification: Nutritional Requirements Found in humans, are unable to synthesize their own metabolism, depends on preformed organic compounds, and have variable nutritional needs

Answer 30

Heterotrophs

Question 31

# Bacterial Classification: Nutritional Requirements These are ubiquitous in nature (found everywhere) and uses photosynthesis for metabolism; are able to utilize simple inorganic compounds (CO2 and ammonium)

Answer 31

Autotrophs/Lithotrophs

Question 32

# Bacterial Classification: Nutritional Requirements Autotrophs/Lithotrophs include 2 bacterial species that undergoes 1.) photosynthesis and 2.) oxidation of inorganic compounds, what are those 2?

Answer 32

Phototrophs and Chemolithotrophs

Question 33

This is the sum of anabolic and catabolic processes

Answer 33

Bacterial Metabolism

Question 34

# Bacterial Classification: Bacterial Metabolism The synthesis of cellular constituents requiring energy

Answer 34

Anabolic processes

Question 35

# Bacterial Classification: Bacterial Metabolism The breakdown of cellular constituents with a concomitant release of waste products and energy rich-compounds

Answer 35

Catabolic processes

Question 36

# Bacterial Classification: Bacterial Metabolism Carbohydrate metabolism is made up of 2 processes, what are those?

Answer 36

Fermentation and Respiration

Question 37

# Bacterial Classification: Bacterial Metabolism This process doesn't require oxygen, therefore it uses obligate and facultative anaerobes

Answer 37

Fermentation

Question 38

# Bacterial Classification: Bacterial Metabolism This process requires oxygen, therefore it uses obligate aerobes and facultative anaerobes

Answer 38

Respiration

Question 39

# Bacterial Classification: Bacterial Metabolism A programmed increase in the biomass of the bacteria; reproduction due to binary fission

Answer 39

Bacterial Growth

Question 40

# Bacterial Classification: Bacterial Metabolism What is the parameter for bacterial growth?

Answer 40

Generation Time (is determined by observing the time needed by a bacteria to double in number during the logarithmic phase)

Question 41

# Bacterial Classification: Bacterial Metabolism What are the 2 determinants of bacterial growth (generation time)?

Answer 41

Cell concentration (via serial dilution) and Biomass density (via spectro)

Question 42

# Bacterial Classification: Bacterial Metabolism TOF: When bacteria are dividing, they do so asynchronously, not simultaneously

Answer 42

True

Question 43

# Bacterial Growth Curve In this phase, the growth rate is ZERO because the bacteria are still adapting and nutrients are still depleted

Answer 43

Lag Phase

Question 44

# Bacterial Growth Curve In this phase, the growth rate is CONSTANT; as the bacteria multiply, nutrients will be supplied

Answer 44

Log (Exponential) Phase

Question 45

# Bacterial Growth Curve During the Log Phase, what 2 events can occur that can lead to a plateau?

Answer 45

1. Nutrient Depletion 2. Toxin Accumulation

Question 46

# Bacterial Growth Curve In this phase, the growth rate is ZERO, it plateaus because the nutrients are already depleted and toxins already accumulated (cells dividing = cells dying)

Answer 46

Stationary Phase

Question 47

# Bacterial Growth Curve In this phase, the growth rate is NEGATIVE as there is logarithmic decline (no. of cells dying > no. of cells alive)

Answer 47

Death Phase

Question 48

# Bacterial Genetics Inside the bacteria, these are usually large, circular, and sometimes covalently looped; these contain genes that are necessary for bacterial metabolism

Answer 48

Bacterial Chromosomal DNA

Question 49

# Bacterial Genetics All genetic materials needed by the bacteria are contained where?

Answer 49

Bacterial Chromosomal DNA

Question 50

# Bacterial Genetics Inside the bacteria, these are small, circular, extrachromosomal (nonchromosomal) DNA that are capable of self-replicating and can be incorporated into bacterial chromosomal DNA

Answer 50

Plasmid DNA

Question 51

# Bacterial Genetics Inside the bacteria, this exists as a bacterial virus that can also be incorporated into bacterial chromosomal DNA or into the cytoplasm

Answer 51

Bacteriophage DNA Genome

Question 52

# Mechanism of Gene Transfer In Transformation, what 2 components do you need?

Answer 52

A competent cell and free DNA

Question 53

# Mechanism of Gene Transfer TOF: All cells are competent for transformation

Answer 53

False

Question 54

# Mechanism of Gene Transfer A cell that is capable of allowing the free DNA to attach to its envelope and incorporate it inside

Answer 54

Competent Cell

Question 55

# Mechanism of Gene Transfer This enzyme stabilizes the free DNA in the bacterial chromosome

Answer 55

Recombinase A

Question 56

# Mechanism of Gene Transfer This mechanism requires adjacent cell to cell contact; there is a gene transfer from donor cell to recipient cell

Answer 56

Conjugate

Question 57

# Mechanism of Gene Transfer Conjugation is controlled by what?

Answer 57

Fertility Factor

Question 58

# Mechanism of Gene Transfer TOF: Conjugation occurs only in Gram-Positive bacteria

Answer 58

False (both)

Question 59

# Mechanism of Gene Transfer In conjugation, a single strand (or a portion) of the double helix of DNA is transferred from the donor (male) cell to the recipient (female), then it is followed by what process?

Answer 59

Homologous Recombination

Question 60

# Mechanism of Gene Transfer For gram-positive bacteria, conjugation is mediated by what?

Answer 60

Pheromones (scents are secreted by the recipient cell which attracts the donor cell)

Question 61

# Mechanism of Gene Transfer For gram-negative bacteria, conjugation is mediated by what?

Answer 61

Sex pili

Question 62

# Mechanism of Gene Transfer What 2 cells participate in the conjugation among gram-negative organisms?

Answer 62

F+ and F- cells

Question 63

# Mechanism of Gene Transfer These F cells have sex pili as they are the donor cells (male)

Answer 63

F(+) Cells

Question 64

# Mechanism of Gene Transfer These F cells have no sex pili as they are the recipient cells that have receptors for the sex pili (female)

Answer 64

F(-) Cells

Question 65

# Mechanism of Gene Transfer This process is mediated by a phage; a phage-mediated transfer of host DNA sequences

Answer 65

Transduction

Question 66

# Mechanism of Gene Transfer What 2 cycles can occur during bacteriophage replication?

Answer 66

Lytic Cycle and Lysogenic Cycle

Question 67

# Mechanism of Gene Transfer 2 ways of bacteriophage replication: Aka Virulent Phage Cycle Multiplication Steps include: > The phage infects a cell > Phage DNA will replicate on its own (DNA circularizes), then it will be encapsulated by a capsid > From there, the cell will be lysed and the phage will be released > Sometimes, this cycle does not occur

Answer 67

Lytic Cycle

Question 68

# Mechanism of Gene Transfer 2 ways of bacteriophage replication: Aka Temperate Phage Cycle Multiplication Steps include: > Phage infects the cell, and its DNA will be incorporated into the bacterial chromosome > The cell divides, and the prophage DNA is passed on to daughter cells > Under unfavorable conditions, viral DNA can be disrupted/excised from the bacterial chromosome, entering the other cycle

Answer 68

Lysogenic Cycle

Question 69

# Mechanism of Gene Transfer This type of transduction is mediated by the Lytic Cycle

Answer 69

Generalized Transduction

Question 70

# Mechanism of Gene Transfer In Generalized Transduction, this is what you call the bacterial chromosome enclosed in a viral capsid

Answer 70

Transducing Phage

Question 71

# Mechanism of Gene Transfer TOF: In generalized transduction, bacterial chromosomes cannot be enclosed in a viral capsid

Answer 71

False

Question 72

# Mechanism of Gene Transfer In Generalized Transduction, transducing phages infect new host cells where crossing over can occur. What is the other name for this "crossing over" step?

Answer 72

Recombination

Question 73

# Mechanism of Gene Transfer In Generalized Transduction, the recombinants have what genotypes that are different from either the donor (A+B+) or recipient (A-B-)?

Answer 73

Genotype (A+B-)

Question 74

# Mechanism of Gene Transfer This type of transduction is mediated by the Lysogenic Cycle

Answer 74

Specialized Transduction

Question 75

# Mechanism of Gene Transfer In Specialized Transduction, the bacterial cell has what integrated between genes A and B?

Answer 75

Prophage

Question 76

# Mechanism of Gene Transfer In Specialized Transduction, when prophage DNA exits incorrectly, what does it take along with it?

Answer 76

Adjoining bacterial DNA

Question 77

# Mechanism of Gene Transfer Generalized or Specialized Transduction? Mediated by the lytic cycle

Answer 77

Generalized

Question 78

# Mechanism of Gene Transfer Generalized or Specialized Transduction? Bacterial DNA is randomly incorporated with viral DNA

Answer 78

Generalized

Question 79

# Mechanism of Gene Transfer Generalized or Specialized Transduction? Viral DNA is randomly inserted into any area of the bacterial genome

Answer 79

Generalized

Question 80

# Mechanism of Gene Transfer Generalized or Specialized Transduction? Mediated by the lysogenic cycle

Answer 80

Specialized

Question 81

# Mechanism of Gene Transfer Generalized or Specialized Transduction? Bacterial DNA is incorporated along with specific adjacent viral DNA

Answer 81

Specialized

Question 82

# Mechanism of Gene Transfer Generalized or Specialized Transduction? The virus inserts into particular genes in an organism based on sequence specifity resulting in a higher frequency of genetic material in those regions being transferred through recombination

Answer 82

Specialized