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Clinical Bacteriology > (P) Lec 1: Bacterial Morphology and Ultrastructure, Physiology, Metabolism, Genetics and Nutrition (Part 2) > Flashcards

(P) Lec 1: Bacterial Morphology and Ultrastructure, Physiology, Metabolism, Genetics and Nutrition (Part 2) Flashcards

1
Q

Bacterial Growth and Replication

The process of growing the organism in culture by either in vivo or in vitro

A

Cultivation

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2
Q

Bacterial Growth and Replication

This allows for definitive identification, isolation, treatment response measuring, and bank strain of the bacteria

A

Cultivation

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3
Q

Bacterial Growth and Replication

In cultivation, this happens in live cells such as in humans and lab animals

A

In vivo

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4
Q

Bacterial Growth and Replication

In cultivation, this happens using an artificial media outside of the body

A

In vitro

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5
Q

Bacterial Growth and Replication

This is the gold standard for the identification of bacteria

A

Cultivation

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6
Q

Bacterial Growth and Replication

The propagation of bacteria based on their specific pH and preferences in gas and temperature; it uses a liquid or solid growth medium

A

Bacterial Cultivation

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7
Q

Bacterial Growth and Replication

In bacterial cultivation, what are the alternative names for liquid and solid growth mediums?

A

Broth and Agar

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8
Q

Bacterial Growth and Replication

Bacterial cultivation requires environments that contain what? (6 answers)

A
  1. Carbon source
  2. Nitrogen source
  3. Energy source
  4. Inorganic salts
  5. Growth factors
  6. Electron donors and acceptors
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9
Q

Bacterial Growth and Replication

What organisms are susceptible to dessication?

A

Treponema pallidum and Neisseria gonorrhea

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10
Q

Bacterial Growth and Replication

Organisms susceptible to dessication often come from where?

A

From urethral and vaginal discharges (a moist environment)

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11
Q

Bacterial Growth and Replication

What organisms can withstand drying?

A

Sporeformers (Bacillus and Clostridium)

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12
Q

Bacterial Growth and Replication

TOF: Bacteria prefer moist environments and are therefore more prone to multiply in those environments

A

True

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13
Q

Bacterial Growth and Replication

What is the causative agent of syphilis?

A

Treponema pallidum

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14
Q

Bacterial Growth and Replication

This bacteria is found in the throat, conjunctiva, and mucous membranes

A

Neisseria gonorrhea

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15
Q

Bacterial Classification: Oxygen Requirement

These require oxygen for them to live (cannot thrive without it) and contain enzymes that degrade free radicals in oxygen

A

Obligate Aerobes

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16
Q

Bacterial Classification: Oxygen Requirement

What 2 enzymes from obligate aerobes catalyze the degradation of free radicals from oxygen?

A
  1. Superoxide Dismutase
  2. Catalase
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17
Q

Bacterial Classification: Oxygen Requirement

These cannot live in the presence of oxygen instead they utilize fermentation pathways (foul-smelling)

A

Obligate Anaerobes

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18
Q

Bacterial Classification: Oxygen Requirement

Obligate anaerobes are usually inhabitants of which parts of the body?

A

GIT and deep wounds

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19
Q

Bacterial Classification: Oxygen Requirement

What enzymes do obligate anaerobes lack?

A
  1. Superoxide Dismutase
  2. Cytochrome C Oxidase
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20
Q

Bacterial Classification: Oxygen Requirement

These require hydrogen acceptors, are found in 99% of fecal flora, can cause polymicrobial infections, and are foul-smelling (e.g. foot gangrene of diabetes mellitus patients)

A

Obligate Anaerobes

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21
Q

Bacterial Classification: Oxygen Requirement

TOF: Obligate aerobes outnumber obligate anaerobes

A

False

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22
Q

Bacterial Classification: Oxygen Requirement

These can thrive with or without oxygen, they utilize either the respiration or fermentation pathway, and consumes less glucose under respiratory metabolism (Pasteur effect)

A

Facultative Anaerobes

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23
Q

Bacterial Classification: Oxygen Requirement

TOF: Facultative aerobes are the most pathogenic bacteria

A

False (there are no such thing as facultative aerobes)

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24
Q

Bacterial Classification: Oxygen Requirement

These resemble facultative anaerobes and can have fermentative metabolism with or without oxygen (will only tolerate oxygen at very low concentrations; microaerophilic)

A

Aerotolerant

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25
Q

Bacterial Classification: Optimum Temperature

These grow optimally at 5-10 degrees celsius

A

Psychrophiles (e.g. Listeria monocytogenes)

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26
Q

Bacterial Classification: Optimum Temperature

This psychrophile can contaminate blood bags and AC systems

A

Listeria monocytogenes

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27
Q

Bacterial Classification: Optimum Temperature

These grow optimally at body temeprature or around 30-37 degrees celsius

A

Mesophiles (most pathogenic bacteria)

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28
Q

Bacterial Classification: Optimum Temperature

Thrive in more than 37 degrees celsius environments

A

Thermophiles (e.g. Geobacillus stearothermophilus)

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29
Q

Bacterial Classification: Optimum Temperature

This thermophile is used in autoclave tape indicators

A

Geobacillus stearothermophilus

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30
Q

Bacterial Classification: Nutritional Requirements

Found in humans, are unable to synthesize their own metabolism, depends on preformed organic compounds, and have variable nutritional needs

A

Heterotrophs

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31
Q

Bacterial Classification: Nutritional Requirements

These are ubiquitous in nature (found everywhere) and uses photosynthesis for metabolism; are able to utilize simple inorganic compounds (CO2 and ammonium)

A

Autotrophs/Lithotrophs

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32
Q

Bacterial Classification: Nutritional Requirements

Autotrophs/Lithotrophs include 2 bacterial species that undergoes 1.) photosynthesis and 2.) oxidation of inorganic compounds, what are those 2?

A

Phototrophs and Chemolithotrophs

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33
Q

This is the sum of anabolic and catabolic processes

A

Bacterial Metabolism

34
Q

Bacterial Classification: Bacterial Metabolism

The synthesis of cellular constituents requiring energy

A

Anabolic processes

35
Q

Bacterial Classification: Bacterial Metabolism

The breakdown of cellular constituents with a concomitant release of waste products and energy rich-compounds

A

Catabolic processes

36
Q

Bacterial Classification: Bacterial Metabolism

Carbohydrate metabolism is made up of 2 processes, what are those?

A

Fermentation and Respiration

37
Q

Bacterial Classification: Bacterial Metabolism

This process doesn’t require oxygen, therefore it uses obligate and facultative anaerobes

A

Fermentation

38
Q

Bacterial Classification: Bacterial Metabolism

This process requires oxygen, therefore it uses obligate aerobes and facultative anaerobes

A

Respiration

39
Q

Bacterial Classification: Bacterial Metabolism

A programmed increase in the biomass of the bacteria; reproduction due to binary fission

A

Bacterial Growth

40
Q

Bacterial Classification: Bacterial Metabolism

What is the parameter for bacterial growth?

A

Generation Time (is determined by observing the time needed by a bacteria to double in number during the logarithmic phase)

41
Q

Bacterial Classification: Bacterial Metabolism

What are the 2 determinants of bacterial growth (generation time)?

A

Cell concentration (via serial dilution) and Biomass density (via spectro)

42
Q

Bacterial Classification: Bacterial Metabolism

TOF: When bacteria are dividing, they do so asynchronously, not simultaneously

A

True

43
Q

Bacterial Growth Curve

In this phase, the growth rate is ZERO because the bacteria are still adapting and nutrients are still depleted

A

Lag Phase

44
Q

Bacterial Growth Curve

In this phase, the growth rate is CONSTANT; as the bacteria multiply, nutrients will be supplied

A

Log (Exponential) Phase

45
Q

Bacterial Growth Curve

During the Log Phase, what 2 events can occur that can lead to a plateau?

A
  1. Nutrient Depletion
  2. Toxin Accumulation
46
Q

Bacterial Growth Curve

In this phase, the growth rate is ZERO, it plateaus because the nutrients are already depleted and toxins already accumulated (cells dividing = cells dying)

A

Stationary Phase

47
Q

Bacterial Growth Curve

In this phase, the growth rate is NEGATIVE as there is logarithmic decline (no. of cells dying > no. of cells alive)

A

Death Phase

48
Q

Bacterial Genetics

Inside the bacteria, these are usually large, circular, and sometimes covalently looped; these contain genes that are necessary for bacterial metabolism

A

Bacterial Chromosomal DNA

49
Q

Bacterial Genetics

All genetic materials needed by the bacteria are contained where?

A

Bacterial Chromosomal DNA

50
Q

Bacterial Genetics

Inside the bacteria, these are small, circular, extrachromosomal (nonchromosomal) DNA that are capable of self-replicating and can be incorporated into bacterial chromosomal DNA

A

Plasmid DNA

51
Q

Bacterial Genetics

Inside the bacteria, this exists as a bacterial virus that can also be incorporated into bacterial chromosomal DNA or into the cytoplasm

A

Bacteriophage DNA Genome

52
Q

Mechanism of Gene Transfer

In Transformation, what 2 components do you need?

A

A competent cell and free DNA

53
Q

Mechanism of Gene Transfer

TOF: All cells are competent for transformation

A

False

54
Q

Mechanism of Gene Transfer

A cell that is capable of allowing the free DNA to attach to its envelope and incorporate it inside

A

Competent Cell

55
Q

Mechanism of Gene Transfer

This enzyme stabilizes the free DNA in the bacterial chromosome

A

Recombinase A

56
Q

Mechanism of Gene Transfer

This mechanism requires adjacent cell to cell contact; there is a gene transfer from donor cell to recipient cell

A

Conjugate

57
Q

Mechanism of Gene Transfer

Conjugation is controlled by what?

A

Fertility Factor

58
Q

Mechanism of Gene Transfer

TOF: Conjugation occurs only in Gram-Positive bacteria

A

False (both)

59
Q

Mechanism of Gene Transfer

In conjugation, a single strand (or a portion) of the double helix of DNA is transferred from the donor (male) cell to the recipient (female), then it is followed by what process?

A

Homologous Recombination

60
Q

Mechanism of Gene Transfer

For gram-positive bacteria, conjugation is mediated by what?

A

Pheromones

(scents are secreted by the recipient cell which attracts the donor cell)

61
Q

Mechanism of Gene Transfer

For gram-negative bacteria, conjugation is mediated by what?

A

Sex pili

62
Q

Mechanism of Gene Transfer

What 2 cells participate in the conjugation among gram-negative organisms?

A

F+ and F- cells

63
Q

Mechanism of Gene Transfer

These F cells have sex pili as they are the donor cells (male)

A

F(+) Cells

64
Q

Mechanism of Gene Transfer

These F cells have no sex pili as they are the recipient cells that have receptors for the sex pili (female)

A

F(-) Cells

65
Q

Mechanism of Gene Transfer

This process is mediated by a phage; a phage-mediated transfer of host DNA sequences

A

Transduction

66
Q

Mechanism of Gene Transfer

What 2 cycles can occur during bacteriophage replication?

A

Lytic Cycle and Lysogenic Cycle

67
Q

Mechanism of Gene Transfer

2 ways of bacteriophage replication:
Aka Virulent Phage Cycle Multiplication

Steps include:
> The phage infects a cell
> Phage DNA will replicate on its own (DNA circularizes), then it will be encapsulated by a capsid
> From there, the cell will be lysed and the phage will be
released
> Sometimes, this cycle does not occur

A

Lytic Cycle

68
Q

Mechanism of Gene Transfer

2 ways of bacteriophage replication:
Aka Temperate Phage Cycle Multiplication

Steps include:
> Phage infects the cell, and its DNA will be incorporated into the bacterial chromosome
> The cell divides, and the prophage DNA is passed on to daughter cells
> Under unfavorable conditions, viral DNA can be disrupted/excised from the bacterial chromosome, entering the other cycle

A

Lysogenic Cycle

69
Q

Mechanism of Gene Transfer

This type of transduction is mediated by the Lytic Cycle

A

Generalized Transduction

70
Q

Mechanism of Gene Transfer

In Generalized Transduction, this is what you call the bacterial chromosome enclosed in a viral capsid

A

Transducing Phage

71
Q

Mechanism of Gene Transfer

TOF: In generalized transduction, bacterial chromosomes cannot be enclosed in a viral capsid

A

False

72
Q

Mechanism of Gene Transfer

In Generalized Transduction, transducing phages infect new host cells where crossing over can occur. What is the other name for this “crossing over” step?

A

Recombination

73
Q

Mechanism of Gene Transfer

In Generalized Transduction, the recombinants have what genotypes that are different from either the donor (A+B+) or recipient (A-B-)?

A

Genotype (A+B-)

74
Q

Mechanism of Gene Transfer

This type of transduction is mediated by the Lysogenic Cycle

A

Specialized Transduction

75
Q

Mechanism of Gene Transfer

In Specialized Transduction, the bacterial cell has what integrated between genes A and B?

A

Prophage

76
Q

Mechanism of Gene Transfer

In Specialized Transduction, when prophage DNA exits incorrectly, what does it take along with it?

A

Adjoining bacterial DNA

77
Q

Mechanism of Gene Transfer

Generalized or Specialized Transduction?
Mediated by the lytic cycle

A

Generalized

78
Q

Mechanism of Gene Transfer

Generalized or Specialized Transduction?
Bacterial DNA is randomly incorporated with viral DNA

A

Generalized

79
Q

Mechanism of Gene Transfer

Generalized or Specialized Transduction?
Viral DNA is randomly inserted into any area of the bacterial genome

A

Generalized

80
Q

Mechanism of Gene Transfer

Generalized or Specialized Transduction?
Mediated by the lysogenic cycle

A

Specialized

81
Q

Mechanism of Gene Transfer

Generalized or Specialized Transduction?
Bacterial DNA is incorporated along with specific adjacent viral DNA

A

Specialized

82
Q

Mechanism of Gene Transfer

Generalized or Specialized Transduction?
The virus inserts into particular genes in an organism based on sequence specifity resulting in a higher frequency of genetic material in those regions being transferred through recombination

A

Specialized

Clinical Bacteriology (9 decks)

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