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Clinical Bacteriology > (M) Lesson 7.2: Gram Positive and Gram Negative Cocci > Flashcards

(M) Lesson 7.2: Gram Positive and Gram Negative Cocci Flashcards

Staphylococcus

1
Q
  • Gram positive cocci in clusters
  • Non-motile
  • Non-sporeformer
  • A facultative anaerobe
  • Medically important species (pathogenic and are routinely isolated in the lab
A

Staphylococcus

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2
Q

Important biochemical property of Staphylococcus?

A

Catalase positive

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3
Q

What are the three medically important species of Staphylococcus?

A
  1. Staphylococcus aureus
  2. Staphylococcus epidermidis
  3. Staphylococcus saphrophyticus
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4
Q

Give the result with respect to Staphylococcus aureus.

Catalase

A

Positive

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5
Q

Give the result with respect to Staphylococcus aureus.

Coagulase

A

Positive

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6
Q

Give the result with respect to Staphylococcus aureus.

Salt (halo) (7.5 to 10% NaCl)

A

Tolerant

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7
Q

Give the result with respect to Staphylococcus aureus.

Mannitol

A

Fermenter

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8
Q

Give the result with respect to Staphylococcus aureus.

DNAse

A

Positive

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9
Q

Give the result with respect to Staphylococcus aureus.

Nitrate and Voges Proskauer (VP)

A

Positive

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10
Q

Give the result with respect to Staphylococcus aureus.

Gelatin

A

Positive

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11
Q

Give the result with respect to Staphylococcus aureus.

PYR

A

Negative

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12
Q

Give the result with respect to Staphylococcus aureus.

BAP

A

Yellow-orange colony

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13
Q

____, ____, and ____ are biochemically important in gram-negative organisms.

A
  1. Nitrate and VP
  2. Gelatin
  3. PYR
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14
Q

____, ____, ____, and ____ are mainly used for identification.

A
  1. Catalase
  2. Coagulase
  3. MSA
  4. DNAse
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15
Q

Having lipochrome results in?

A

Yellow-orange colony

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16
Q

Beta-hemolysis results in?

A

Yellow halo around the growth

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17
Q

What is the distinct smell of a pure colony of Staphylococcus?

A

Unwashed clothes or socks

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18
Q

Transmission routes from person to person happens through?

A
  1. Sneezing
  2. Formites
  3. Surgical wounds
  4. Infected patients
  5. Food
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19
Q

What are the virulence factors of Staphylococcus?

A
  1. Cell-associated factors
  2. Extracellular
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20
Q

Virulence Factors

  • Already attached to the bacterial membrane, cytoplasm, or cell wall
  • Ag in serology for identification
  • Contributes to pathogenicity (how it can infect)
A

Cell-Associated Factors

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21
Q

Virulence Factors

  • Released by bacterium depending on the environment
  • Enzymes or toxins
  • For protection
A

Extracellular

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22
Q

Cell-Associated Factors

Most important in Staphylococcus aureus

A

Protein A

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23
Q

Extracellular (Enzymes)

Familiarize yourself with the different enzymes.

A
  1. Catalase
  2. Free coagulase
  3. Lipase
  4. Hyaluronidase
  5. B-lactamase
  6. Staphylokinase
  7. Proteinases
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24
Q

Extracellular (Enzymes)

By all Staphylococcus

A

Catalase

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25
Q

Extracellular (Enzymes)

  • By Staphylococcus aureus
  • Protection from immune system
A

Free coagulase

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26
Q

Extracellular (Enzymes)

  • Spreading factor
  • Not unique to Staphylococcus aureus
  • Infection spreads from one site to another
A

Hyaluronidase

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27
Q

Extracellular (Enzymes)

  • Resistance to penicillin (and other antibiotics)
A

B-lactamase

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28
Q

Extracellular (Enzymes)

  • Also known as fibrinolysin
  • Lyses coagulase
  • To undergo proper metabolism
A

Staphylokinase

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29
Q

Endotoxin or Exotoxin?

  • By gram-negative organisms
  • During cell death
  • Less poisonous (lipopolysaccharide)
  • Non-specific tissue affinity
A

Endotoxin

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30
Q

Endotoxin or Exotoxin?

  • By gram-positive organisms
  • During life cycle
  • More poisonous (active)
  • Specific tissue affinity
  • More immunogenic
A

Exotoxin

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31
Q

Staphylococcus releases what type of toxins?

A

Exotoxins

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32
Q

Extracellular (Toxins)

What are the different types of toxins within Staphylococcus?

A
  1. Cytolytic Toxins (Hemolysin alpha, betta gamma, and delta + Leucocidin)
  2. Enterotoxin A-F
  3. Toxic Shock Syndrom Toxin-1 (TSST-1)
  4. Exfoliative
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33
Q

Determine the type of toxins.

  • Targets cells like RBCs and WBCs
A

Cytolytic toxins

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34
Q

Determine the type of toxins (cytolytic toxins).

  • Targets the RBC cells specifically
35
Q

Determine the type of toxins (cytolytic toxins).

  • Used for Staphylococcus aureus
A

Hemolysin beta

36
Q

Determine the type of toxins (cytolytic toxins).

  • Targets WBCs cells specifically
A

Leucocidin

37
Q

Extracellular (Toxins)

  • Targets the intestine
  • Heat-stable at 60°C for 10 minutes
A

Enterotoxin A-F

38
Q

Extracellular (Toxins)

  • Targets the nephrons (kidneys)
A

Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin-1

39
Q

Extracellular (Toxins)

  • Also known as epidermolytic toxin
  • Targets the skin
A

Exfoliative

40
Q

Infections are caused by ____ or ____

A
  1. By a bacteria itself
  2. By an enzyme from bacteria as its virulence factor
41
Q

This is due to toxins released by bacteria.

A

Intoxication

42
Q

T or F: Patient may not react to the bacteria itself.

43
Q

Skin and Soft Tissue Infections

  • Follicle infection
  • Site of Origin: Hair follicles
A

Folliculitis

44
Q

Skin and Soft Tissue Infections

  • Progression of untreated folliculitis
  • Spread around the area of the follicle
A

Furuncle (Boil)

45
Q

Skin and Soft Tissue Infections

  • Spread to other areas
46
Q

Skin and Soft Tissue Infections

  • Inflammation of the upper or lower eyelids
47
Q

Skin and Soft Tissue Infections

  • Starts as an untreated wound infection
48
Q

Skin and Soft Tissue Infections

  • Staphylococcus aureus is the top causative agent regardless of morphology
A

Wound Infection

50
Q

Skin and Soft Tissue Infections

  • Painful crusts around the facial area
51
Q

Skin and Soft Tissue Infections

  • Nail infection from equipment used in nail care
  • Either toes or hands
A

Paronychia

52
Q

Skin and Soft Tissue Infections

  • Inflammation of cellulites
A

Cellulitis

53
Q

Name the affected system.

  • Osteomyelitis (inflamed bone metaphysis)
  • Arthritis
  • Bursitis
  • Pyomyositis
A

Musculoskeletal

54
Q

Name the affected system.

  • Tonsilitis
  • Pharyngitis
  • Sinusitis
  • Otitis
  • Bronchopneumonia
  • Lung abscess
  • Empyema
  • Pneuomonia (rare)
A

Respiratory

55
Q

Name the affected system.

  • Abscess
  • Meningitis
  • Intracranial thrombophlebitis
A

Central Nervous System

56
Q

Name the affected system.

  • Bacteremia
  • Septicemia
  • Pyemia
  • Endocarditis
A

Endovascular

57
Q

Name the affected system.

  • Urinary Tract Infection
58
Q

Name the affected system.

  • Hospital-acquired
A

Nocosomial infection

59
Q

Diseases caused by the bacterial exotoxin which are produced either in the infected host or performed in vitro.

A

Intoxications

60
Q

What are the three types of intoxications?

A
  1. Gastroenterititis (Food Poisoning)
  2. Toxic Shock Syndrome
  3. Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome
61
Q

Name the type of intoxication.

  • Occurs 1 to 8 hours after ingesting toxin
  • Manifestations include nausea, abdominal pain, vomiting followed by diarrhea and with no fever
  • Caused by Enterotoxins A-F preformed in food
A

Gastroenteretitis (Food Poisoning)

62
Q

Name the type of intoxication.

  • Manifestations include abrupt high fever, vomiting, diarrhea, myaligias, scarlantiniform rash, hypertension, and severe case of cardiac or renal failure
  • Caused by TSST-1
  • Requires immediate treatment
A

Toxic Shock Syndrome

63
Q

Name the type of intoxication.

  • Caused by exfoliative toxin
  • Common in children
A

Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome

64
Q

We should collect specimen for treatment based on?

A

The type of infection

65
Q

Name the specimen to be collected based on type of infection.

Wound infection from a suppurative lesion

66
Q

Name the specimen to be collected based on type of infection.

Respiratory infection

67
Q

Name the specimen to be collected based on type of infection.

Bacteremia and septicemia

68
Q

Name the specimen to be collected based on type of infection.

Food poisoning

A

Feces, vomit, remains of suspected food

69
Q

Name the specimen to be collected based on type of infection.

Detection of carriers

A

Nasal swab

70
Q

T or F: Carriers harbor the bacteria that show most if not all the symptoms.

A

F (do not show any symptom)

71
Q

Staphylococcus aureus is highly susceptible to ____

A

Beta-lactam drugs like methicillin, nafcillin, oxacillin, and cloxacillin

72
Q

T or F: Staphylococcus aureus can be resistant to methicillin.

73
Q

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is challenging to treat because?

A

Methicillin is already a high-level drug

74
Q

MRSA due to ____ is commonly resistant to antibiotics except vancomycin and fusidic acid.

A

Changes in major penicillin-binding proteins

75
Q

T or F: Vancomycin and fusidic acid are usually given in low dosages as a last resort.

A

F (high dosages)

76
Q

Nasal colonization in carriers can be treated with ____

A

Topical mupirocin

77
Q
  • A serological test
  • Rapid test
  • Coagulase test
A

BACTiStaph

78
Q
  • Normal flora of the skin and mucus membrane
  • Predominance indicates infection
  • Most common cause of CSF shunt infection
  • Infections are related to intravenous catheters and prosthetic implants
A

Staphylococcus epidermidis

79
Q
  • Biochemically negative for coagulas and susceptible for novobiocin
A

Staphylococcus epidermidis

80
Q

T or F: If normal flora leaves its natural habitat, it may cause infections.

81
Q

Infection due to Staphylococcus epidermidis leaving normal flora usually occurs with what two procedures?

A
  1. Venipuncture
  2. Undergo shunt (catheter inserted in the body)
82
Q

This happens with patients with renal failure who are undergoing peritoneal dialysis through an indwelling catheter.

A

Peritonitis

83
Q
  • Medically important cause of UTI (second most common causative agent) in sexually active young women
  • Biochemically negative for coagulase and resistant to novobiocin
A

Staphylococcus saprophyticus

84
Q

Most common causative agent of UTI?

A

Escherichia coli

Clinical Bacteriology (33 decks)

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