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Clinical Bacteriology > (P) Lec 1: Bacterial Morphology and Ultrastructure, Physiology, Metabolism, Genetics and Nutrition (Part 1) > Flashcards

(P) Lec 1: Bacterial Morphology and Ultrastructure, Physiology, Metabolism, Genetics and Nutrition (Part 1) Flashcards

1
Q

This prefix means that it “cannot be seen with the naked eyes”

A

Micro (penis)

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1
Q

What are the 5 important microbial groups?

A
  1. Prions
  2. Viruses
  3. Bacteria
  4. Fungi
  5. Parasites
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2
Q

In which kingdom do microorganisms belong to?

A

Protista

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3
Q

Microorganisms include what 2 subgroups?

A

Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

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4
Q

TOF: Not all of the important microbial groups are under the classification of Prokaryote or Eukaryote

A

True (e.g. prions and viruses)

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5
Q

TOF: Prions and viruses are cells

A

False (they are NOT cells)

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6
Q

Identify if Prokaryote or Eukaryote:
Bacteria

A

Prokaryote

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7
Q

Identify if Prokaryote or Eukaryote:
Parasites, Fungi, Plants, and Animals

A

Eukaryote

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8
Q

Identify if Prokaryote or Eukaryote:
Smaller in size

A

Prokaryote

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9
Q

Identify if Prokaryote or Eukaryote:
Larger in size

A

Eukaryote

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10
Q

Identify if Prokaryote or Eukaryote:
Has a true nucleus with a nuclear envelope

A

Eukaryote

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11
Q

Identify if Prokaryote or Eukaryote:
Has no true nucleus

A

Prokaryote

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12
Q

Identify if Prokaryote or Eukaryote:
The cytoplasmic structure is less complex and harbors less structures/organelles

A

Prokaryote

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13
Q

Identify if Prokaryote or Eukaryote:
The cytoplasmic structure is more complex and harbors more structures/organelles

A

Eukaryote

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14
Q

Identify if Prokaryote or Eukaryote:
The cell wall is more complex

A

Prokaryote

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15
Q

Identify if Prokaryote or Eukaryote:
The cell wall is less complex

A

Eukaryote

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16
Q

TOF: Prokaryotes have a nucleoid and nuclear membrane

A

False (no nuclear membrane)

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17
Q

What is the average size range of a prokaryote?

A

Around 1-10 micrometers

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18
Q

These are infectious particles associated with subacute, progressive, and degenerative diseases of the CNS

A

Prions

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19
Q

These are aka abnormally/misfolded proteins

A

Prions

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20
Q

What are examples of diseases caused by prions?

A

Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD) and Mad Cow Disease

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21
Q

A degenerative disease of the brain associated with “Kuru” (cannibalism in Papua New Guinea) wherein female tribe members eat the brains of the corpses

A

Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD); caused by a prion

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22
Q

What is the smallest among the important microbial groups?

A

Prions

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23
Q

These are acellular, obligate intracellular parasites, that are not visible with the light microscope

A

Viruses

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24
Q

This term means that the parasite cannot live without a host cell, like in the case of viruses

A

Obligate

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25
Q

Since some viruses are enveloped while some are not, when do enveloped viruses start to dissolve their envelopes and multiply?

A

Once inside the host cell

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26
Q

TOF: Viruses contain organelles/biosynthetic machinery along with enzymes

A

False (no organelles/biosynthetic machinery, only a few enzymes)

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27
Q

What do viruses contain as genetic material?

A

RNA or DNA

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28
Q

A virus is called as ______ if it comes with a bacterial host

A

Bacteriophage

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29
Q

TOF: The airborne mode of transmission deals with particles that fall on the ground/surface

A

False (those are droplets, airborne particles stay in the atmosphere as they are smaller)

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30
Q

This is the largest group of organism of medical significance

A

Bacteria

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31
Q

These are unicellular and lack a nuclear membrane and true nucleus

A

Bacteria

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32
Q

TOF: Bacteria are classified as prokaryotic because of the absence of the mitochondria, ER, and golgi bodies (organelles)

A

True

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33
Q

Bacterial Morphology

When asked about bacterial morphology, you are to state the three which are?

A
  1. Shape
  2. Arrangement
  3. Gram Stain Reaction (+ or -)
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34
Q

Bacterial Morphology (shape)

Circular/spherical

A

Coccus/Cocci

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35
Q

Bacterial Morphology (shape)

Short and rod-shaped

A

Coccobacillus

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36
Q

Bacterial Morphology (shape)

Comma-shaped/curved rod

A

Vibrio

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37
Q

Bacterial Morphology (shape)

Rod-shaped

A

Bacillus/Bacilli

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38
Q

Bacterial Morphology (shape)

Curved rod to corkscrew-shaped

A

Spirillum

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39
Q

Bacterial Morphology (shape)

Spiral-shaped and is very small

A

Spirochetes

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40
Q

Bacterial Morphology (shape)

This can only be visualized via darkfield microscopy (e.g. Treponema spp.; causative agent of syphilis)

A

Spirochete

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41
Q

Bacterial Morphology (arrangement)

What do you call Cocci that are in pairs?

A

Diplococci

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42
Q

Bacterial Morphology (arrangement)

What is an example of Cocci in chains/bead-formation?

A

Streptococci

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43
Q

Bacterial Morphology (arrangement)

What do you call Cocci that are in groups of 4?

A

Tetrads

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44
Q

Bacterial Morphology (arrangement)

What do you call Cocci that are in groups of 8?

A

Sarcina

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45
Q

Bacterial Morphology (arrangement)

What is an example of Cocci in clusters/grape-formation?

A

Staphylococci

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46
Q

Bacterial Morphology (arrangement)

What do you call lone Coccus?

A

Singly

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47
Q

Bacterial Morphology (arrangement)

What do you call lone Bacillus?

A

Singly

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48
Q

Bacterial Morphology (arrangement)

What is an example of Bacilli in palisading/picket fence formation?

A

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

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49
Q

Gram Staining

Refers to air drying the sample and using heat to let it adhere to the slide

A

Heat-fixed cells

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50
Q

Gram Staining

The primary stain

A

Crystal Violet

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51
Q

Gram Staining

This accentuates the primary stain to attach better to the bacteria (a mordant)

A

Gram’s Iodine

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52
Q

Gram Staining

Aka the decolorizer

A

Ethyl Alcohol

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53
Q

Gram Staining

Aka the counterstain

A

Safranin

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54
Q

Gram Staining (identify if positive or negative)

After administering crystal violet: Purple

A

Both (+) and (-)

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55
Q

Gram Staining (identify if positive or negative)

After administering Gram’s iodine: Purple

A

Both (+) and (-)

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56
Q

Gram Staining (identify if positive or negative)

After administering alcohol: Purple

A

Positive

57
Q

Gram Staining (identify if positive or negative)

After administering alcohol: Colorless

A

Negative

58
Q

Gram Staining (identify if positive or negative)

After administering safranin: Purple

A

Positive

59
Q

Gram Staining (identify if positive or negative)

After administering safranin: Pink

A

Negative

60
Q

Aka “differential staining” wherein the bacteria are identified to be positive or negative

A

Gram Staining

61
Q

Gram Staining

How long is crystal violet stained for?

A

30 seconds

62
Q

Gram Staining

How long is iodine administered for?

A

1 minute

63
Q

Gram Staining

How long is alcohol administered for?

A

5-15 seconds

64
Q

Gram Staining

How long is safranin stained for?

A

1 minute

65
Q

Gram Staining (identify if positive or negative)

This organism’s cell wall is 50% of the dry weight of the cell envelope

A

Positive

66
Q

Gram Staining (identify if positive or negative)

This organism’s cell wall is 2-10% of the dry weight of the cell envelope

A

Negative

67
Q

All cocci are what gram stain? (except for some)

A

Positive (circles are purple)

68
Q

What cocci bacteria are not gram-positive? (the exemptions)

A
  1. Neisseria
  2. Veilonella
  3. Moraxella

(Mnemonics: NVM)

69
Q

All bacilli are what gram stain? (except for some)

A

Negative (rods are red/pink)

70
Q

What bacilli bacteria are not gram-negative? (the exemptions)

A
  1. Mycobacterium
  2. Corynebacterium
  3. Bacillus
  4. Clostridium
  5. Actinomyces
  6. Streptomyces

Less common ones:
1. Erysipelothrix
2. Listeria
3. Nocardia
4. Anything ending in bacterium (e.g. Proprionibacterium, Eubacterium, and Bifidobacterium)

71
Q

TOF: The bacterial structure is important for its pathogenesis and virulence factors

A

True

72
Q

Cell Envelope

What are the 4 parts of the cell envelope?

A
  1. Outer membrane
  2. Cell wall
  3. Periplasmic space
  4. Cytoplasmic (cell) membrane
73
Q

Cell Envelope

The outer membrane only exists for what type of bacteria?

A

Gram-Negative

74
Q

Cell Envelope

This is the initial barrier to the environment, it is a bilayer composed of lipopolysaccharides

A

Outer Membrane

75
Q

Cell Envelope

The outer membrane consists of this substance which functions as an endotoxin

A

Lipid A (note: endotoxins are for gram-negative while exotoxins are for gram-positive)

76
Q

Cell Envelope

The outer membrane consists of this substance which contains antigens (H and O antigens) and can be used for serologic typing

A

Major surface antigenic determinants

77
Q

Cell Envelope

The outer membrane consists of this water-filled structure that controls the passage of nutrients and other solutes

A

Porins

78
Q

Cell Envelope

Aka “Murein” or the “Peptidoglycan Layer”

A

Cell Wall

79
Q

Cell Envelope

This gives the cell its shape and strength; it is the site of action for antibiotics, and it is also the basis of staining

A

Cell Wall

80
Q

Cell Envelope

The cell wall is composed of what subunits?

A

Disaccharide-Pentapeptide Subunits
(N-acetylglucosamide and N-acetylmuramic acid)

81
Q

Cell Envelope

TOF: Some bacteria have jelly cell walls made up of mycolic acid

A

False (waxy, not jelly)

82
Q

Cell Envelope

Bacteria that have waxy cell walls have this key component that contributes to their virulence hence becoming harder to kill/penetrate

A

Mycolic Acid

83
Q

Cell Envelope

What is an example of a bacterium with a waxy cell wall?

A

Mycobacterium spp. (takes 6 months to treat)

84
Q

Cell Envelope

This consists of gel-like substances that assist in the capture of nutrients from the environment; it contains enzymes that degrade macromolecules and detoxifies evironmental solutes

A

Periplasmic Membrane

85
Q

Cell Envelope

Not all bacteria are encapsulated, hence why they are called as?

A

An appendage

86
Q

Cell Envelope

The periplasmic membrane space contains these which are responsible for metabolism and detoxification

A

Enzymes

87
Q

Cell Envelope

This contains enzymes vital to cellular metabolism and serves as an additional osmotic barrier

A

Cell Membrane

88
Q

Cell Envelope

This transports solute into and out of the cell, it houses enzymes involved in the synthesis of the outer membrane and cell wall, it aids in the assembly and secretion of extracytoplasmic and extracellular substances, and it generates chemical energy

A

Cell Membrane

89
Q

Cell Appendages

This is composed of high molecular weight polysaccharides, it is anti-phagocytic, and it facilitates and maintains bacterial colonization of biologic and inanimate surfaces

A

Capsule

90
Q

Cell Appendages

The capsule facilitates and maintains bacterial colonization of biologic and inanimate surfaces through the formation of what?

A

Slime layers or biofilms

91
Q

Cell Appendages

TOF: When an organism is encapsulated, it is non-motile

A

True

92
Q

Cell Appendages

These promote the uptake of the pathogen by a macrophage by inducing phagocytosis (microbial recognition and killing of encapsulated bacteria)

A

Opsonins

93
Q

Cell Appendages

The Bacillus anthracis capsule is made up of what?

A

Poly-D-glutamic acid (PGA)

94
Q

Cell Appendages

This is the causative agent of anthrax

A

Bacillus anthracis

95
Q

Cell Appendages

What is the more common form of anthrax found in cows and sheep?

A

Cutaneous anthrax

96
Q

Cell Appendages

The capsule’s slime layer is aka?

A

Glycocalyx

97
Q

Cell Appendages

This capsule component is loosely adherent to the bacteria (functions as an adhesive) composed of polysaccharide fibrils surrounding some bacterial cell walls

A

Slime Layer/ Glycocalyx

98
Q

Cell Appendages

These capsule components are aggregates of bacterial cells which enhance nutrient uptake and often excludes antimicrobials

A

Biofilm

99
Q

Cell Appendages

Organisms can produce these on medical implant devices (e.g. heart valves, prostheses, and catheters) which can cause diseases

A

Biofilms

100
Q

Cell Appendages

This common biofilm producer is a normal inhabitant of the skin but is seen in catheter-related infections

A

Staphylococcus epidermidis

101
Q

Cell Appendages

This common biofilm producer is a normal inhabitant of the mouth but is seen in cases of dental plaques

A

Streptococcus mutans

102
Q

What are the representative encapsulated organisms? (YSKBHPNC)

A
  1. Yersinia pestis
  2. Streptococcus pneumoniae
  3. Klebsiella pneumoniae
  4. Bacillus anthracis
  5. Haemophilus influenza
  6. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
  7. Neisseria meningitidis
  8. Cryptococcus neoformans
103
Q

This representative encapsulated organism was the causative agent for the black plague

A

Yersinia pestis

104
Q

What are the 4 other important capsule producers?

A
  1. Escherichia coli
  2. Bacillus anthracis
  3. Salmonella enteritica subsp. typhi
  4. Streptococcus pneumoniae
105
Q

Cell Appendages

These are hair-like proteinaceous structures that extend from the cell membrane into the external environment and may serve as adhesins

A

Fimbriae or Pili

106
Q

Cell Appendages

What are the 2 types of fimbriae/pili?

A
  1. Common pili
  2. Sex pili
107
Q

Cell Appendages

This type of pili are involved in bacterial adherence and gram-positive cell conjugation

A

Common pili (common = positive)

108
Q

Cell Appendages

This type of pili are involved in the attachment of donor and recipient bacteria in gram-negative cell conjugation

A

Sex pili (sex = negative)

109
Q

Cell Appendages

These participate in the conjugation of bacteria (mechanism of gene transfer)

A

Fimbriae/Pili

110
Q

Cell Appendages

This requires cell-to-cell contact, and through which genes may be transferred from one bacterial cell to another (ex: genes for antimicrobial resistance)

A

Conjugation

111
Q

Cell Appendages

TOF: Fimbriae/Pili are for motility

A

False

112
Q

Cell Appendages

Functions include motility, chemotaxis, and bacterial pathogenicity

A

Flagella

113
Q

Cell Appendages

The flagella is composed of what protein?

A

Flagellin

114
Q

Cell Appendages

Kind of bacteria based on flagella presentation:
A single flagellum at one end of the cell

A

Monotrichous

115
Q

Cell Appendages

Kind of bacteria based on flagella presentation:
A group of flagella at one end of the cell

A

Lophotrichous

116
Q

Cell Appendages

Kind of bacteria based on flagella presentation:
Single flagellum at both ends of the cell

A

Amphitrichous

117
Q

Cell Appendages

Kind of bacteria based on flagella presentation:
The entire cell surface covered with flagella

A

Peritrichous

118
Q

Cell Interior

Contains (+) enzymes for metabolism and detoxification and is the site for protein synthesis

A

Cytoplasm

119
Q

Cell Interior

TOF: The cytoplasm of bacteria contains golgi bodies

A

False

120
Q

Cell Interior

If a cell component has a gel-like structure (e.g. cytoplasm) it has what?

A

Enzymes

121
Q

Cell Interior

Serves as the nutrient reservoir for the bacteria

A

Inclusion bodies

122
Q

Cell Interior

The cell’s inclusion bodies contain?

A

Glycogen and Polyphosphate Granules

123
Q

Cell Interior

What is the storage form of glucose and inorganic phosphates? (2 answers)

A

Glycogen and Polyphosphate Granules

124
Q

Cell Interior

Inclusion bodies are visualized using what methods?

A

Staining methods

125
Q

Cell Interior

Corynebacteria’s characteristic feature is the presence of what?

A

Metachromatic or Volutin Granules (appears in a pallisading arrangement and beaded)

126
Q

Cell Interior

Invaginations in the bacterial cell structure

A

Mesosomes

127
Q

Cell Interior

Highly coiled DNA intermixed with RNA, polyamines, and various proteins

A

Nucleus/Nucleoid

128
Q

Cell Interior

TOF: Bacterial chromosomes are enclosed within a membrane-bound nucleus

A

False (it exists as a nucleoid)

129
Q

Cell Interior

Small, circular, extrachromasomal (nonchromosomal) dsDNA capable of self-replication which becomes integrated into the bacterial DNA

A

Plasmids

130
Q

Cell Interior

Plasmids contains these genes that can confer protective properties (3 answers)

A
  1. Antibiotic resistance
  2. Virulence factors
  3. Transmissibility to other bacteria
131
Q

Cell Interior

A process by which cells transform from an actively metabolic and growing state to a dormant state

A

Sporulation

132
Q

Cell Interior

This happens to some bacteria when they are exposed to unfavorable conditions (excessive dryness, nutrient scarcity, toxin accumulation, etc.)

A

Sporulation

133
Q

Cell Interior

This process induces an increase in cell envelope thickness & strength (a keratin coat)

A

Sporulation

134
Q

Cell Interior

Are dormant, thick-walled structures produced by some bacteria that allow them to survive for long periods of time

A

Endospores

135
Q

Cell Interior

What are endospores made out of?

A

Calcium Dipicolinate

136
Q

Cell Interior

What are the only 2 bacterial genera that can produce spores?

A

Bacillus and Clostridium

137
Q

Cell Interior

TOF: Spores do not have resistance to heat, dessication (extreme dryness), and various chemicals

A

False

138
Q

Cell Interior

Endospores will remain in a dormant state until favorable conditions for what are encountered again?

A

Growth

139
Q

Cell Interior

This bacteria emerges from its dormant state once ingested and into the GIT which will eventually cause food poisoning

A

Bacillus cereus

Clinical Bacteriology (9 decks)

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