(P) Lec 1: Bacterial Morphology and Ultrastructure, Physiology, Metabolism, Genetics and Nutrition (Part 1) Flashcards by Kchianna Lauren Coronel

This prefix means that it “cannot be seen with the naked eyes”

Micro (penis)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the 5 important microbial groups?

Prions
Viruses
Bacteria
Fungi
Parasites

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

In which kingdom do microorganisms belong to?

Protista

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Microorganisms include what 2 subgroups?

Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

TOF: Not all of the important microbial groups are under the classification of Prokaryote or Eukaryote

True (e.g. prions and viruses)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

TOF: Prions and viruses are cells

False (they are NOT cells)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Identify if Prokaryote or Eukaryote:
Bacteria

Prokaryote

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Identify if Prokaryote or Eukaryote:
Parasites, Fungi, Plants, and Animals

Eukaryote

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Identify if Prokaryote or Eukaryote:
Smaller in size

Prokaryote

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Identify if Prokaryote or Eukaryote:
Larger in size

Eukaryote

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Identify if Prokaryote or Eukaryote:
Has a true nucleus with a nuclear envelope

Eukaryote

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Identify if Prokaryote or Eukaryote:
Has no true nucleus

Prokaryote

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Identify if Prokaryote or Eukaryote:
The cytoplasmic structure is less complex and harbors less structures/organelles

Prokaryote

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Identify if Prokaryote or Eukaryote:
The cytoplasmic structure is more complex and harbors more structures/organelles

Eukaryote

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Identify if Prokaryote or Eukaryote:
The cell wall is more complex

Prokaryote

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Identify if Prokaryote or Eukaryote:
The cell wall is less complex

Eukaryote

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

TOF: Prokaryotes have a nucleoid and nuclear membrane

False (no nuclear membrane)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the average size range of a prokaryote?

Around 1-10 micrometers

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

These are infectious particles associated with subacute, progressive, and degenerative diseases of the CNS

Prions

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

These are aka abnormally/misfolded proteins

Prions

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are examples of diseases caused by prions?

Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD) and Mad Cow Disease

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

A degenerative disease of the brain associated with “Kuru” (cannibalism in Papua New Guinea) wherein female tribe members eat the brains of the corpses

Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD); caused by a prion

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the smallest among the important microbial groups?

Prions

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

These are acellular, obligate intracellular parasites, that are not visible with the light microscope

Viruses

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

This term means that the parasite cannot live without a host cell, like in the case of viruses

Obligate

Since some viruses are enveloped while some are not, when do enveloped viruses start to dissolve their envelopes and multiply?

Once inside the host cell

TOF: Viruses contain organelles/biosynthetic machinery along with enzymes

False (no organelles/biosynthetic machinery, only a few enzymes)

What do viruses contain as genetic material?

RNA or DNA

A virus is called as ______ if it comes with a bacterial host

Bacteriophage

TOF: The airborne mode of transmission deals with particles that fall on the ground/surface

False (those are droplets, airborne particles stay in the atmosphere as they are smaller)

This is the largest group of organism of medical significance

Bacteria

These are unicellular and lack a nuclear membrane and true nucleus

Bacteria

TOF: Bacteria are classified as prokaryotic because of the absence of the mitochondria, ER, and golgi bodies (organelles)

True

# Bacterial Morphology When asked about bacterial morphology, you are to state the three which are?

1. Shape 2. Arrangement 3. Gram Stain Reaction (+ or -)

# Bacterial Morphology (shape) Circular/spherical

Coccus/Cocci

# Bacterial Morphology (shape) Short and rod-shaped

Coccobacillus

# Bacterial Morphology (shape) Comma-shaped/curved rod

Vibrio

# Bacterial Morphology (shape) Rod-shaped

Bacillus/Bacilli

# Bacterial Morphology (shape) Curved rod to corkscrew-shaped

Spirillum

# Bacterial Morphology (shape) Spiral-shaped and is very small

Spirochetes

# Bacterial Morphology (shape) This can only be visualized via darkfield microscopy (e.g. Treponema spp.; causative agent of syphilis)

Spirochete

# Bacterial Morphology (arrangement) What do you call Cocci that are in pairs?

Diplococci

# Bacterial Morphology (arrangement) What is an example of Cocci in chains/bead-formation?

Streptococci

# Bacterial Morphology (arrangement) What do you call Cocci that are in groups of 4?

Tetrads

# Bacterial Morphology (arrangement) What do you call Cocci that are in groups of 8?

Sarcina

# Bacterial Morphology (arrangement) What is an example of Cocci in clusters/grape-formation?

Staphylococci

# Bacterial Morphology (arrangement) What do you call lone Coccus?

Singly

# Bacterial Morphology (arrangement) What do you call lone Bacillus?

Singly

# Bacterial Morphology (arrangement) What is an example of Bacilli in palisading/picket fence formation?

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

# Gram Staining Refers to air drying the sample and using heat to let it adhere to the slide

Heat-fixed cells

# Gram Staining The primary stain

Crystal Violet

# Gram Staining This accentuates the primary stain to attach better to the bacteria (a mordant)

Gram's Iodine

# Gram Staining Aka the decolorizer

Ethyl Alcohol

# Gram Staining Aka the counterstain

Safranin

# Gram Staining (identify if positive or negative) After administering crystal violet: Purple

Both (+) and (-)

# Gram Staining (identify if positive or negative) After administering Gram's iodine: Purple

Both (+) and (-)

# Gram Staining (identify if positive or negative) After administering alcohol: Purple

Positive

# Gram Staining (identify if positive or negative) After administering alcohol: Colorless

Negative

# Gram Staining (identify if positive or negative) After administering safranin: Purple

Positive

# Gram Staining (identify if positive or negative) After administering safranin: Pink

Negative

Aka "differential staining" wherein the bacteria are identified to be positive or negative

Gram Staining

# Gram Staining How long is crystal violet stained for?

30 seconds

# Gram Staining How long is iodine administered for?

1 minute

# Gram Staining How long is alcohol administered for?

5-15 seconds

# Gram Staining How long is safranin stained for?

1 minute

# Gram Staining (identify if positive or negative) This organism's cell wall is 50% of the dry weight of the cell envelope

Positive

# Gram Staining (identify if positive or negative) This organism's cell wall is 2-10% of the dry weight of the cell envelope

Negative

All cocci are what gram stain? (except for some)

Positive (circles are purple)

What cocci bacteria are not gram-positive? (the exemptions)

1. Neisseria 2. Veilonella 3. Moraxella (Mnemonics: NVM)

All bacilli are what gram stain? (except for some)

Negative (rods are red/pink)

What bacilli bacteria are not gram-negative? (the exemptions)

1. Mycobacterium 2. Corynebacterium 3. Bacillus 4. Clostridium 5. Actinomyces 6. Streptomyces Less common ones: 1. Erysipelothrix 2. Listeria 3. Nocardia 4. Anything ending in bacterium (e.g. Proprionibacterium, Eubacterium, and Bifidobacterium)

TOF: The bacterial structure is important for its pathogenesis and virulence factors

True

# Cell Envelope What are the 4 parts of the cell envelope?

1. Outer membrane 2. Cell wall 3. Periplasmic space 4. Cytoplasmic (cell) membrane

# Cell Envelope The outer membrane only exists for what type of bacteria?

Gram-Negative

# Cell Envelope This is the initial barrier to the environment, it is a bilayer composed of lipopolysaccharides

Outer Membrane

# Cell Envelope The outer membrane consists of this substance which functions as an endotoxin

Lipid A (note: endotoxins are for gram-negative while exotoxins are for gram-positive)

# Cell Envelope The outer membrane consists of this substance which contains antigens (H and O antigens) and can be used for serologic typing

Major surface antigenic determinants

# Cell Envelope The outer membrane consists of this water-filled structure that controls the passage of nutrients and other solutes

Porins

# Cell Envelope Aka "Murein" or the "Peptidoglycan Layer"

Cell Wall

# Cell Envelope This gives the cell its shape and strength; it is the site of action for antibiotics, and it is also the basis of staining

Cell Wall

# Cell Envelope The cell wall is composed of what subunits?

Disaccharide-Pentapeptide Subunits (N-acetylglucosamide and N-acetylmuramic acid)

# Cell Envelope TOF: Some bacteria have jelly cell walls made up of mycolic acid

False (waxy, not jelly)

# Cell Envelope Bacteria that have waxy cell walls have this key component that contributes to their virulence hence becoming harder to kill/penetrate

Mycolic Acid

# Cell Envelope What is an example of a bacterium with a waxy cell wall?

Mycobacterium spp. (takes 6 months to treat)

# Cell Envelope This consists of gel-like substances that assist in the capture of nutrients from the environment; it contains enzymes that degrade macromolecules and detoxifies evironmental solutes

Periplasmic Membrane

# Cell Envelope Not all bacteria are encapsulated, hence why they are called as?

An appendage

# Cell Envelope The periplasmic membrane space contains these which are responsible for metabolism and detoxification

Enzymes

# Cell Envelope This contains enzymes vital to cellular metabolism and serves as an additional osmotic barrier

Cell Membrane

# Cell Envelope This transports solute into and out of the cell, it houses enzymes involved in the synthesis of the outer membrane and cell wall, it aids in the assembly and secretion of extracytoplasmic and extracellular substances, and it generates chemical energy

Cell Membrane

# Cell Appendages This is composed of high molecular weight polysaccharides, it is anti-phagocytic, and it facilitates and maintains bacterial colonization of biologic and inanimate surfaces

Capsule

# Cell Appendages The capsule facilitates and maintains bacterial colonization of biologic and inanimate surfaces through the formation of what?

Slime layers or biofilms

# Cell Appendages TOF: When an organism is encapsulated, it is non-motile

True

# Cell Appendages These promote the uptake of the pathogen by a macrophage by inducing phagocytosis (microbial recognition and killing of encapsulated bacteria)

Opsonins

# Cell Appendages The Bacillus anthracis capsule is made up of what?

Poly-D-glutamic acid (PGA)

# Cell Appendages This is the causative agent of anthrax

Bacillus anthracis

# Cell Appendages What is the more common form of anthrax found in cows and sheep?

Cutaneous anthrax

# Cell Appendages The capsule's slime layer is aka?

Glycocalyx

# Cell Appendages This capsule component is loosely adherent to the bacteria (functions as an adhesive) composed of polysaccharide fibrils surrounding some bacterial cell walls

Slime Layer/ Glycocalyx

# Cell Appendages These capsule components are aggregates of bacterial cells which enhance nutrient uptake and often excludes antimicrobials

Biofilm

# Cell Appendages Organisms can produce these on medical implant devices (e.g. heart valves, prostheses, and catheters) which can cause diseases

Biofilms

# Cell Appendages This common biofilm producer is a normal inhabitant of the skin but is seen in catheter-related infections

Staphylococcus epidermidis

# Cell Appendages This common biofilm producer is a normal inhabitant of the mouth but is seen in cases of dental plaques

Streptococcus mutans

What are the representative encapsulated organisms? (YSKBHPNC)

1. Yersinia pestis 2. Streptococcus pneumoniae 3. Klebsiella pneumoniae 4. Bacillus anthracis 5. Haemophilus influenza 6. Pseudomonas aeruginosa 7. Neisseria meningitidis 8. Cryptococcus neoformans

This representative encapsulated organism was the causative agent for the black plague

Yersinia pestis

What are the 4 other important capsule producers?

1. Escherichia coli 2. Bacillus anthracis 3. Salmonella enteritica subsp. typhi 4. Streptococcus pneumoniae

# Cell Appendages These are hair-like proteinaceous structures that extend from the cell membrane into the external environment and may serve as adhesins

Fimbriae or Pili

# Cell Appendages What are the 2 types of fimbriae/pili?

1. Common pili 2. Sex pili

# Cell Appendages This type of pili are involved in bacterial adherence and gram-positive cell conjugation

Common pili (common = positive)

# Cell Appendages This type of pili are involved in the attachment of donor and recipient bacteria in gram-negative cell conjugation

Sex pili (sex = negative)

# Cell Appendages These participate in the conjugation of bacteria (mechanism of gene transfer)

Fimbriae/Pili

# Cell Appendages This requires cell-to-cell contact, and through which genes may be transferred from one bacterial cell to another (ex: genes for antimicrobial resistance)

Conjugation

# Cell Appendages TOF: Fimbriae/Pili are for motility

False

# Cell Appendages Functions include motility, chemotaxis, and bacterial pathogenicity

Flagella

# Cell Appendages The flagella is composed of what protein?

Flagellin

# Cell Appendages Kind of bacteria based on flagella presentation: A single flagellum at one end of the cell

Monotrichous

# Cell Appendages Kind of bacteria based on flagella presentation: A group of flagella at one end of the cell

Lophotrichous

# Cell Appendages Kind of bacteria based on flagella presentation: Single flagellum at both ends of the cell

Amphitrichous

# Cell Appendages Kind of bacteria based on flagella presentation: The entire cell surface covered with flagella

Peritrichous

# Cell Interior Contains (+) enzymes for metabolism and detoxification and is the site for protein synthesis

Cytoplasm

# Cell Interior TOF: The cytoplasm of bacteria contains golgi bodies

False

# Cell Interior If a cell component has a gel-like structure (e.g. cytoplasm) it has what?

Enzymes

# Cell Interior Serves as the nutrient reservoir for the bacteria

Inclusion bodies

# Cell Interior The cell's inclusion bodies contain?

Glycogen and Polyphosphate Granules

# Cell Interior What is the storage form of glucose and inorganic phosphates? (2 answers)

Glycogen and Polyphosphate Granules

# Cell Interior Inclusion bodies are visualized using what methods?

Staining methods

# Cell Interior Corynebacteria's characteristic feature is the presence of what?

Metachromatic or Volutin Granules (appears in a pallisading arrangement and beaded)

# Cell Interior Invaginations in the bacterial cell structure

Mesosomes

# Cell Interior Highly coiled DNA intermixed with RNA, polyamines, and various proteins

Nucleus/Nucleoid

# Cell Interior TOF: Bacterial chromosomes are enclosed within a membrane-bound nucleus

False (it exists as a nucleoid)

# Cell Interior Small, circular, extrachromasomal (nonchromosomal) dsDNA capable of self-replication which becomes integrated into the bacterial DNA

Plasmids

# Cell Interior Plasmids contains these genes that can confer protective properties (3 answers)

1. Antibiotic resistance 2. Virulence factors 3. Transmissibility to other bacteria

# Cell Interior A process by which cells transform from an actively metabolic and growing state to a dormant state

Sporulation

# Cell Interior This happens to some bacteria when they are exposed to unfavorable conditions (excessive dryness, nutrient scarcity, toxin accumulation, etc.)

Sporulation

# Cell Interior This process induces an increase in cell envelope thickness & strength (a keratin coat)

Sporulation

# Cell Interior Are dormant, thick-walled structures produced by some bacteria that allow them to survive for long periods of time

Endospores

# Cell Interior What are endospores made out of?

Calcium Dipicolinate

# Cell Interior What are the only 2 bacterial genera that can produce spores?

Bacillus and Clostridium

# Cell Interior TOF: Spores do not have resistance to heat, dessication (extreme dryness), and various chemicals

False

# Cell Interior Endospores will remain in a dormant state until favorable conditions for what are encountered again?

Growth

# Cell Interior This bacteria emerges from its dormant state once ingested and into the GIT which will eventually cause food poisoning

Bacillus cereus