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Clinical Bacteriology > (F) Lesson 13: Non-fermenters and Miscellaneous Gram-Negative Bacilli (Part 3) > Flashcards

(F) Lesson 13: Non-fermenters and Miscellaneous Gram-Negative Bacilli (Part 3) Flashcards

1
Q
  • Family: Alcaligenacea
  • Found in water
  • Isolated in specimens from hospitalized patients: urine, feces, sputum, and wound specimens
  • Resistant to disinfectants: chlorhexidine and quaternary ammonium compounds
  • Motile using peritrichous flagella and are obligate anaerobes, G(-) bacilli
  • (+) MAC, nitrate reducers
  • (+) SBA = non-pigmented colonies
  • (+) OF = non-oxidative isolates w/ deep blue coolor at the top
A
  • Alcaligenes spp.
  • Achromobacter spp.
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2
Q

T or F: Asacchaorlytic members are isolated more frequently than saccharolytic ones.

A

T

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3
Q

The only exception in Alcaligenes spp. and Achromobacter spp. wherein they are glucose-positive and xylose-positive.

A

A. xylosoxidans

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4
Q
  • Usually seen in clinical specimens
  • Usually in patient blood with or without septicemia
  • Linked to eye infections, pancreatic abscesses and other infections
  • Nitrite reducer to nitrogen gas
A

Alcaligenes faecalis

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5
Q

Asaccharolytic species of Achromobacter?

A
  • Achromobacter piechaudii
  • Achromobacter denitrificans
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6
Q

This asaccharolytic organism from the Achromobacter spp. is retrieved from the ear of a diabetic patient.

A

Achromobacter piechaudii

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7
Q

Asaccharolytic Achromobacter spp.

Resistant/Susceptible?

  • Aztreonam
  • Aminoglycosides
A

Resistant

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8
Q

Asaccharolytic Achromobacter spp.

Resistant/Susceptible?

  • SXT
  • Piperacillin
  • Ticarcillin
  • Ceftazidime
  • Quinolones
A

Susceptible

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9
Q

The only saccharolytic Achromobacter spp.

A

Achromobacter xylosoxidans

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10
Q
  • Most commonly isolated
  • Causes nosocomial infection associated with intravenous catheters, patients of advanced age experiencing neutropenia
  • Linked to otitis media, meningitis, pneumonia, surgical wound infections, UTIs, peritonitis, bacteremia
  • Colonizer of patients with CF
  • Nitrite reducer to nitrogen gas
  • Treatment: there is increasing resistance
A

Achromobacter xylosoxidans

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11
Q

Achromobacter xylosoxidans

Resistant/Susceptible?
* Aminoglycosides
* Ampicillin
* First- and second-gen cephalosporins
* Chloramphenicol
* Fluoroquinolones

A

Resistant

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12
Q

Achromobacter xylosoxidans

Resistant/Susceptible?
* Piperacillin
* 3rd-gen cephalosporins
* Carbapenems
* SXT

A

Susceptible

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13
Q
  • Recovered from sputum, wounds, and blood

I’m sorry, eto lang talaga description niya. </3

A

Advenella incenata

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14
Q
  • Infrequent isolates
  • Can be a significant pathogen
  • B. diminuta and B. vesicularis are differentiated by esculin hydrolysis
A

Brevudimonas spp.

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15
Q

Brevudimonas spp.

Positive for esculin hydrolysis?

A

Brevudimonas vesicularis

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16
Q

Brevudimonas spp.

Negative for esculin hydrolysis?

A

Brevudimonas diminuta

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17
Q
  • In blood, CSF, urine, and wounds as a contaminant
  • Pathogenic in those immunocompromised
  • (+) VIM-2-metallo-β-lactamase causing multidrug resistance
  • Motile with a single polar flagellum
  • (+) oxidase, glucose
  • (+) MAC
  • (-) esculin hydrolysis
A

Brevudimonas diminuta

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18
Q

Brevudimonas diminuta

Resistant/Susceptible?
* Ampicillin
* Cefoxitin
* Nalidixic acid
* Fluoroquinolones

A

Resistant

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19
Q
  • Causes meningitis, infective endocarditis, and infections in CAPD patients
  • Isolated in urine and eye specimens
  • Motile with a single polar flagellum
  • (+) oxidase, glucose, maltose
  • (+) esculin hydrolysis
A

Brevudimonas vesicularis

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20
Q

Brevudimonas vesicularis

Resistant/Susceptible?
* Carbapenems
* Aztreonam
* Cephalosporins

A

Resistant

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21
Q

Brevudimonas vesicularis

Resistant/Susceptible?
* Fluoroquinolones
* Piperacillin-tazobactam

A

Susceptible

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22
Q
  • Unclear taxonomy
  • EO means eugonic oxidizer
  • (+) oxidase, glucose, xylose wherein they differ in oxidation of lactose and mannitol
  • Weak grower, if at all, on MAC
  • Non-motile, saccharolytic coccobacilli
  • Unknown susceptibility to antimicrobial agents
A

CDC Groups EO-3, EO-4, and Paracoccus

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23
Q
  • Now named Paracoccus yeeii
  • From blood cultures and wound infections and cutaneous bullae
  • Found in at least one case of uveitis as a potential pathogen
  • In infections following keratoplasty, myocarditis in heart transplant patient, infections associated with CAPD
  • Produces characteristic coccoid or O-shaped cells on G/S (from vacuolated or peripherally stained cells)
A

EO-2

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24
Q
  • In CAPD infection
  • Isolated from urine, eye discharge, blood, pleural fluid, CSF, lung and genitourinary tract specimens (same with EO-4)
  • Produce a yellow non-diffusible pigment as well as some EO-4
A

EO-3

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25
Q
  • Only clinically relevant from this genus
  • Reservoirs: soil and water
  • Commonly found in tropical and subtropical climates
  • Opportunist
  • In cases of osteomyelitis, abscesses, septicemia, urine and gastrointestinal infections
  • Skin lesions are typical portal of entry
  • G(-) bacilli, fermentative
  • (+) oxidase, motile (polar flagella), glucose fermentation, sucrose (variably), MAC, enteric media, 42 deg C
  • Produces violacein
  • Causes fever, sepsis, skin lesions, abdominal pain, localized abscesses in the liver
  • Risk Factors: young age, (+) localized abscess, short clinical course, inappropriate antimicrobial treatment
  • Possible relapse and reinfections
A

Chromobacterium violaceum

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26
Q

Chromobacterium violaceum

Resistant/Susceptible?
* Fluoroquinolones
* Tetracyclines
* Carbapenems
* Gentamicin
* SXT

A

Resistant

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27
Q

Chromobacterium violaceum

Resistant/Susceptible?
* B-lactam antibiotics

A

Susceptible

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28
Q
  • Straight to slight curved rods
  • Alkaline in OF media
  • (+) oxidase, catalase, nitrate reducer
  • Motile w/ multitrichous polar flagella
  • In soil and water
  • Rarely from specimens, but in hospital equipment and fluids
A

Comamonas and Delftia

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29
Q
  • Difficult to distinguish phenotypically, reported as ____ spp.
A

Comamonas spp.

30
Q

These Comamonas spp. cause nosocomial bacteremia.

Two (2)

A

Comamonas testeroni and Comamonas terrigena

31
Q
  • Associated with keratitis in soft contact lens wearers and nosocomial infections (bacteremia, endocarditis)
  • (+) oxidize fructose and mannitol
  • Resistant: aminoglycoside
A

Delftia acidovorans

32
Q
  • Associated with catheter-related bacteremia
  • Incorrectly ID-ed by VITEK 2 as D. acidovorans
A

Delftia tsuruhatensis

33
Q

Delftia spp.

Resistant/Susceptible?
* Ampicillin
* Aminoglycosides
* Colistin

A

Resistant

34
Q

Delftia spp.

Resistant/Susceptible?
* Fluoroquinolones
* Carbapenems
* 3rd-gen cephalosporins
* Piperacillin-tazobactam

A

Susceptible

35
Q
  • Family: Weeksellaceae
  • In soil and water
  • Not part of the normal human microbiota
  • Causes nosocomial infections as they often contaminate hospital equipment
  • Are weak fermenters, hence, their reactions are usually delayed
A

Weeksellaceae spp.

36
Q

Weeksellaceae spp.

Resistant/Susceptibility?
* Aminoglycosides

A

Resistant

37
Q

Weeksellaceae spp.

Resistant/Susceptible?
* Vancomycin

A

Susceptible

38
Q
  • In newborns as meningitis or septicemia in conjunction with immaturity
  • In adults as pneumonia, endocarditis, bacteremia, and meningitis, especially in those critically ill
  • Infections follow the use of materials contaminated with the organism
  • (+) fermentation of glucose, maltose, mannitol, esculin hydrolysis, indole, MAC (variable)
  • Long, thin bacilli, often with bulbous ends
  • Susceptible to clindamycin and vancomycin
A

Elizabethkingia meningoseptica or Meningosepticum

39
Q
  • Reduced activity to vancomycin
  • Good activity to SXT, fluoroquinolones, and piperacillin-tazobactam
A

Chryseobacterium

40
Q
  • Most frequently isolated but are insignificant in rare numbers or from only one medium or specimen.
  • Linked to nosocomial infections: bacteremia in immunosuppressed or those who have been receiving long-term antimicrobial therapy, and to ocular infections
  • Long, thin bacilli, often with bulbous ends
A

Chryseobacterium indologens

41
Q
  • Causes endophthalmitis following cataract surgery due to poor sterilization procedures
A

Empedobacter brevis

42
Q
  • From blood and surgical wounds
  • Resemble E. brevis
A

Wautersiella

43
Q
  • Asaccharolytic, nonmotile
  • Has intracellular pigment: salmon-pink or pale yellow
  • Some have distinct fruity odor
  • (+) indole (weak), oxidase, DNase, gelatin hydrolysis
  • (-) MAC
A

Weeksella

44
Q

T or F: In Indole Test, Kovac’s Reagent is more recommended over Erlich.

A

F (other way around)

45
Q
  • In genitourinary specimens
  • (+) on Modified Thayer-Martin and other media selective for Neisseria gonorrhoeae
A

Weeksella virosa

46
Q
  • Susceptible to penicillin and other antimicrobial agents
A

Bergeylla

47
Q
  • From cellulitis, tenosynovitis, septicemia, pneumonia, and meningitis
  • Associated with dog and cat bite wound (it is part of their normal oral biota)
A

Bergeylla zoohelicum

48
Q
  • Family: Methylobacteriaceae
  • Characteristic pink to coral pigment
  • Uses methanol as sole source of carbon and energy
  • From soil, vegetation, sewage, water, hospital nebulizers
  • In throat swabs bronchial washes, blood
  • Presence in blood cultures can be attributed to contaminated tap water from irrigations during bone marrow transplant
  • Causes bacteremia, peritonitis, synovitis, skin ulcers in the immunocompromised
A

Methylobacterium spp.

49
Q
  • Usually isolate
  • Prefers low temperatures at 25-350C
  • Distinctive large vacuolated pleomorpihc rods
  • Oxidase variable, motile with polar flagellum
  • Slow grower, producing 1mm dry, coral/pink colonies in 4-5 days
  • Grows on fungal media: Sabouraud dextrose agar
  • Not as well on SBA, chocolate, modified Thayer-Martin, Buffered Charcoal-Yeast Extract (BCYE)
  • (-) MAC
A

Methylobacterium mesophilicum and Methylobacterium zatmanii

50
Q
  • Family: Acetobacteraceae
  • Most common: Pink-pigmented, non-fermentative, G(-) bacilli recovered
  • From the environment and clinical specimens: blood, CSF, sputum, abscess, wound specimens
  • In immunocompromised, mainly producing catheter-related bloodstream infection
  • SDA growth: pink, mucoid, almost runny colonies that do not appear black under long wavelength UV light
  • Nonvacuolated, coccoid bacteria, forming pairs or short chains
  • (+) oxidase (weak), urease, MAC
A

Roseomonas spp.

51
Q

Most common isolate of Roseomonas spp.

A

Roseomonas mucosa

52
Q
  • Family: Burkholerdiaceae which includes Ralstonia, Cupriavidus, Burkholderia
A

Ralstonia spp. and Cupriavidus spp.

53
Q
  • Most common species out of the 7 genus
  • In sterile hospital fluids, urine, nasopharynx, abscess, wound, blood specimen as colonizers or contaminants
  • Colonization increased in patients mechanically ventilated
  • Linked to meningitis, endocarditis, ostomyelitis
  • Along with R. mannitolytica are isolated from respiratory specimens from CF and non-CF patients
  • Slow growers, requiring >72 hours in primary cultures
  • (+) oxidase, catalase
  • Opportunistic, causing septicemia, peritonitis, abscesses, tenosynovitis, in immunocompromised
A

Ralstonia pickettii

54
Q

Ralstonia spp.

  • Most common cause of infections in CF patients
A

Ralstonia mannitolytica

55
Q
  • Outbreak rooting from the unusual practice of moistening culturette swabs with tap water before collecting microbiology samples
  • Motile with pertitrichous flagella
  • Asaccharolytic G(-)
  • (+) oxidase, catalase, MAC
A

Cupriavidus pauculus

56
Q

Cupriavidus spp.

Resistant/Susceptible?

  • Aminoglycosides
  • Ampicillin
  • 1st- and 2nd-gen cephalosporins
A

Resistant

57
Q

Cupriavidus spp.

Resistant/Susceptible?
* Quinolones
* 3rd-gen cephalosporins
* Piperacillin
* Doxycycline

A

Susceptible

58
Q

Cupriavidus spp.

  • Found in CF patients
A

Cupriavidus gilardi

59
Q
  • Family: Shewanellaeae
  • Colonies: mucoid, with tan to brown pigment with greenish discoloration on SBA
A

Shewanella spp.

60
Q
  • Infrequent isolates from various human specimens: abscesses, traumatic ulcers, otitis media, ocular infections, osteomyelitis, peritonitis, septicemia, and mixed culture
  • In the environment: stagnant water, natural gas (petroleum), brine, spoiled dairy products, meat, fish
  • Rarely pathogenic
  • Motile
  • (+) ornithine decarboxylase, nitrate reductase,
  • H2S producers in TSIA
A

Shewanella algae and Shewanella putrefaciens

61
Q

Shewanella spp.

  • Like Enterobacterales (except Plesiomonas) which are differentiated ____
A

Oxidase Test

62
Q

Shewanella spp.

Positive for Oxidase Test?

A

Shewanella spp.

63
Q

Shewanella spp.

Negative for Oxidase Test?

A

Enterobacteriaceae

64
Q

Shewanella spp.

Resistant/Susceptible?
* Penicillin
* Cefazolin

A

Resistant

65
Q

Shewanella spp.

Resistant/Susceptible?
* Ampicillin
* Tetracycline
* Chloramphenicol
* Erythromycin

A

Susceptible

66
Q

Shewanella spp.

  • Halophilic → requires NaCl
  • Asaccharolytic
A

Shewanella algae

67
Q

Shewanella spp.

  • Nonhalophilic
  • Saccharolytic
A

Shewanella putrefaciens

68
Q

Two significant species of Sphingomonas?

A
  • Sphingomas paucinobilis
  • Sphingomonas parapaucinobilis
69
Q
  • From many water sources (swimming pools), hospital equipment, laboratory supplies
  • Causes peritonitis associated with CAPD, septicemia, meningitis, leg ulcers, empyema, splenic and brain abscesses
  • Yellow-pigmented
  • (+) oxidase
  • (-) MAC, indole
  • Requires >48hrs incubation on SBA
  • Motile at 18-22 deg C, not at 37 deg C
  • Variable resistance to antimicrobial agents
  • Its susceptibility to polymyxin B differentiates it from other Sphingobacterium
  • Its vancomycin susceptibility is unusual for a G(-) bacteria
A

Sphingomonas paucinobilis

70
Q

Sphingomonas paucinobilis

Resistant/Susceptible?
* Colistin

A

Resistant

71
Q

Sphingo paucinobilis

Resistant/Susceptibility?

  • Aminoglycosides
  • Tetracyclines
  • Chloramphenicol
  • SXT
  • 3rd-gen cephalosporins (ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, ceftizoxime) (variable)
  • Fluoroquinolones (variable)
A

Susceptible

72
Q
  • From sputum, urine, vaginal specimens
  • Produce esterases, endotoxin, lipases, and phosphatases, inherent virulence is limited
  • Considered colonizers or contaminants, unless repeatedly isolated from samples
  • Resemble S. paucinobilis
  • (+) H2S by lead acetate method, Simmon citrate
  • (-) DNase
A

Sphingomonas parapaucinobilis

Clinical Bacteriology (33 decks)

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