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Clinical Bacteriology > Generalized Info Gram Positive Bacilli > Flashcards

Generalized Info Gram Positive Bacilli Flashcards

1
Q

What is a bacterial spore?

A

A small oval structure that forms in bacteria, carrying all the genetic material.

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2
Q

What is an endospore?

A

A dormant form of a bacterial cell that can survive in poor conditions.

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3
Q

What triggers sporulation in bacteria?

A

Nutrient depletion, chemicals, heat, and desiccation.

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4
Q

What is the vegetative state in bacteria?

A

A dividing and germinating state when conditions are favorable.

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5
Q

What is the dormant stage in spore-forming bacteria?

A

A non-dividing and non-germinating state when conditions are unfavorable.

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6
Q

What is the primary habitat for Bacillus species?

A

Soil.

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7
Q

What are the two medically important species of Bacillus?

A

Bacillus anthracis and Bacillus cereus.

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8
Q

What disease is caused by Bacillus anthracis?

A

Anthrax.

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9
Q

How is anthrax used in biological warfare?

A

Endospores can be placed in food, water, powder, and spray.

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10
Q

What is the virulence factor of Bacillus anthracis?

A

Involves toxins (Lethal factor, Edema factor, Protective Antigen) and a capsule.

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11
Q

What are the four forms of anthrax disease?

A

Cutaneous, pulmonary (inhalation), gastrointestinal, and injectional anthrax.

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12
Q

What is an eschar in cutaneous anthrax?

A

A painless black necrotic scar that forms after spore exposure.

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13
Q

What are the symptoms of pulmonary anthrax?

A

Flu-like symptoms progressing to respiratory distress, edema, cyanosis, and shock.

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14
Q

How is gastrointestinal anthrax acquired?

A

By ingestion of spores, leading to abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and bloody diarrhea.

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15
Q

What laboratory test is selective for Bacillus spp.?

A

PLET (Polymyxin-lysozyme-EDTA-thallous acetate) agar.

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16
Q

What colony appearance does Bacillus anthracis have on blood agar?

A

Non-hemolytic colonies with a comet tail or Medusa head appearance.

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17
Q

What is the string of pearls reaction?

A

A characteristic feature of Bacillus anthracis when grown in penicillin-containing medium.

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18
Q

What causes food poisoning associated with Bacillus cereus?

A

Heat-stable and heat-labile enterotoxins.

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19
Q

What food is commonly associated with Bacillus cereus?

A

Improperly stored cooked rice (emetic form) and contaminated meat, poultry, or vegetables (diarrheal form).

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20
Q

What is the catalase test result for Bacillus spp.?

A

Catalase positive.

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21
Q

What disease is caused by Clostridium tetani?

A

Tetanus.

22
Q

What are the characteristic symptoms of tetanus?

A

Lockjaw (trismus), risus sardonicus (grinning), and opisthotonos (back arching).

23
Q

What is the virulence factor of Clostridium tetani?

A

Tetanospasmin, a neurotoxin causing muscle spasms.

24
Q

What is the shape and location of Clostridium tetani spores?

A

Round and terminal spores giving a drumstick or lollipop appearance.

25
Q

What is the most potent natural toxin known?

A

Botulinum neurotoxin produced by Clostridium botulinum.

26
Q

What are the types of botulism?

A

Foodborne, infant, wound, and intestinal botulism.

27
Q

What are the symptoms of botulism?

A

Double vision, impaired speech, difficulty swallowing, and muscle paralysis.

28
Q

What is the agent of pseudomembranous colitis?

A

Clostridium difficile.

29
Q

What media is used for isolating Clostridium difficile?

A

Cycloserine-cefoxitin fructose agar (CCFA).

30
Q

What are the virulence factors of Listeria monocytogenes?

A

Internalin, phospholipase C, and listeriolysin O.

31
Q

How is Listeria monocytogenes transmitted?

A

By ingestion of contaminated food such as unpasteurized dairy products and cold meats.

32
Q

What is the motility pattern of Listeria monocytogenes in semi-solid medium?

A

Tumbling motility at room temperature, forming an umbrella-like pattern.

33
Q

What is the causative agent of erysipeloid?

A

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae.

34
Q

What is the common occupational group affected by Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae?

A

Fish vendors and butchers (seal finger).

35
Q

What bacteria causes bacterial vaginosis?

A

Gardnerella vaginalis.

36
Q

What is the Whiff or Sniff test?

A

A test for bacterial vaginosis using 10% KOH on vaginal discharge producing a fishy odor.

37
Q

What is the appearance of clue cells?

A

Squamous epithelial cells studded with bacteria.

38
Q

What organism is known as Doderlein bacillus?

A

Lactobacillus acidophilus.

39
Q

What is the significance of Lactobacillus in the human body?

A

Helps maintain an acidic environment in the GIT and vaginal canal, preventing pathogen overgrowth.

40
Q

What bacteria are associated with Fried Rice Syndrome?

A

Bacillus cereus.

41
Q

What is the appearance of Bacillus cereus colonies on PEEMBA medium?

A

Turquoise or peacock blue colonies due to the bromthymol blue reaction.

42
Q

What bacteria causes gas gangrene?

A

Clostridium perfringens.

43
Q

What are the virulence factors of Clostridium perfringens?

A

Alpha toxin, enterotoxin, and beta toxin.

44
Q

What type of hemolysis is characteristic of Clostridium perfringens?

A

Double zone hemolysis.

45
Q

What is the reverse CAMP test used for?

A

Differentiating Clostridium perfringens from other Clostridium species.

46
Q

What are sulfur granules?

A

Small, yellowish granules composed of bacteria found in Actinomyces infections.

47
Q

What organism is known as Klebs-Löffler bacillus?

A

Corynebacterium diphtheriae.

48
Q

What is the virulence factor of Corynebacterium diphtheriae?

A

Diphtheria toxin, which inhibits protein synthesis.

49
Q

What bacteria has a Chinese letter arrangement in Gram stain?

A

Corynebacterium diphtheriae.

50
Q

What test is used for diphtheria susceptibility?

A

Schick test.

51
Q

What is the appearance of Corynebacterium diphtheriae on tellurite agar?

A

Black or brown colonies with a brown halo due to cystinase activity.

Clinical Bacteriology (33 decks)

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