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Clinical Bacteriology > (P) Lec 2: Microbial Control > Flashcards

(P) Lec 2: Microbial Control Flashcards

1
Q

The agent that kills the microorganism

A

Bactericidal

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2
Q

Community of bacteria

A

Biofilm

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3
Q

Are chemical agents applied to inanimate objects

A

Disinfectant

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4
Q

A substance applied to the skin for the purpose of eliminating
or reducing the number of bacteria present

A

Antiseptic

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5
Q

T or F: Antiseptic kills spores.

A

F (they don’t)

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6
Q

Also known as sodium hypochlorite

A

Bleach

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7
Q

Ratio when cleaning surfaces with sodium hypochlorite

A

1:5 or 1:10

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8
Q

List the types of organisms from most resistant to least resistant.

A

Prions
Bacterial spores
Mycobacteria
Nonlipid viruses
Fungi
Bacteria
Lipid viruses

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9
Q

List the types of organisms from least resistant to most resistant.

A

Lipid viruses
Bacteria
Fungi
Nonlipid viruses
Mycobacteria
Bacterial spores
Prions

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10
Q

Have coats rich in proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates as well as cores rich in dipicolinic acid and calcium

A

Bacterial endospores

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11
Q

What makes up the protection of the spores?

A
  1. Coats rich in proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates
  2. Cores rich in dipicolinic acid and calcium
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12
Q

Are rich in lipids, which may account
for their resistance to chemical and
environmental stresses, particularly
desiccation

A

Cell walls of mycobacteria

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13
Q

Containing lipid-rich envelopes are
more susceptible to the effects of
detergents and wetting agents

A

Viruses

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14
Q

Microorganisms living together in
communities

A

Biofilms

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15
Q

Also provide protection to the
microorganisms against chemical and
physical means of destruction

A

Biofilms

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16
Q

The organisms known today to be the
most resistant to the actions of heat,
chemicals, and radiation

A

Prions

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17
Q

Known as naked (put clothes on) pieces of protein

A

Prions

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18
Q

Are thought to be the agents that
cause a number of degenerative
diseases of the nervous system

A

Prions

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19
Q

These agents are transmitted to
humans through contaminated
medicinal products, therapeutic
devices, body fluids, and food
products

A

Prions

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20
Q

Prions are transmitted to humans through:

A
  1. Contaminated medicinal products
  2. Therapeutic devices
  3. Body fluids
  4. Food products
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21
Q

What are the two methods of disinfection and sterilization?

A

Physical and chemical methods

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22
Q

Physical Methods

Most common method used for the elimination of microorganisms

A

Heat

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23
Q

Physical Methods

Heat can be used in the following ways:

A
  1. Moist Heat/Heat under steam pressure
  2. Autoclaving
  3. Dry Heat
  4. Boiling (100°C)
  5. Pasteuraztion
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24
Q

Different Ways to Use Heat

The agent used in autoclaves

A

Moist Heat/Heat under steam pressure

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25
Q

Different Ways to Use Heat

Putting steam under 1 atm of pressure, or 15 psi, achieves a temperature of 121° C.

A

Moist Heat/Heat under steam pressure

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26
Q

Different Ways to Use Heat

Putting steam under ____ atm of pressure, or ____ psi, achieves a temperature of ____° C

A

1 atm of pressire
15 psi
121°C

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27
Q

Different Ways of Using Heat

Heat in water is transferred more readily to a cool body than heat in air

A

Moist Heat/Heat under steam pressure

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28
Q

Different Ways of Using Heat

The sterilization method of choice for heat-stable objects

A

Moist Heat

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29
Q

Different Ways of Using Heat

The most effective method of moist heat sterilization

A

Autoclaving

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30
Q

Different Ways of Using Heat

T or F: Autoclaves can destroy the sporeformers

A

T

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31
Q

Different Ways of Using Heat

May also be used as a sterilizing agent

A

Dry Heat

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32
Q

Different Ways of Using Heat

Requires much longer exposure times and higher temperatures

A

Dry Heat

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33
Q

Different Ways of Using Heat

Are methods that achieve disinfection but not sterilization

A

Boiling and Pasteurization

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34
Q

Different Ways of Using Heat

T or F: Boiling and pasteurization are able to eliminate spores

A

F (they do not)

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35
Q

Different Ways of Using Heat

Kills most microorganisms in
approximately 10 minutes

A

Boiling

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36
Q

Different Ways of Using Heat

Used mostly in the food industry

A

Pasteurization

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37
Q

Different Ways of Using Heat

Reduces food-borne pathogens and
organisms responsible for food
spoilage

A

Pasteurization

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38
Q

Different Ways of Using Heat

It is generally performed at 72° C (161° F) for 15 seconds

A

Flash Pasteurization

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39
Q

Different Ways of Using Heat

The Main Advantage: Treatment at this temperature reduces spoilage of food without affecting its taste

A

Pasteurization

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40
Q

Give the temperature, time duration, and application

Dry Heat

A

Temperature: 160 - 180°C
Time: 1.5 - 3 hours
Application/s: Sterilizes

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41
Q

Give the temperature, time duration, and application

Moist Heat

A

Temperature: 121.6°C
Time: 15 minutes at 15 psi
Application/s: Sterilizes, Kills Spores

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42
Q

Give the temperature, time duration, and application

Boiling

A

Temperature: 100°C
Time: 15 mins
Application/s: Vegetative Forms, Endospores survive

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43
Q

Give the temperature, time duration, and application

Batch Pasteurization

A

Temperature: 63°C
Time: 30 mins
Application/s: Vegetative Forms, Milkborne pathogens, Endospores survive

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44
Q

Give the temperature, time duration, and application

Flash Pasteurization

A

Temperature: 72°C
Time: 15 secs
Application/s: Vegetative Forms, Milkborne pathogens, Endospores survive

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45
Q

What are the other ways heat is utilized in sterilization and disinfection?

A

Hot Air Oven: 170°C for 2 hours
Incineration: 300 to 400°C (Infectious Waste)
Cremation: Control of communicable diseases
Flaming: Inoculating needles

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46
Q

Physical Methods

May be used with both liquid and air

A

Filtration

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47
Q

Physical Methods

The liquid is pulled (vacuum) or pushed (pressure) through the filter matrix

A

Filtration

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48
Q

Physical Methods

Most common application of filtration

A

The sterilization of heat-sensitive solutions (parenteral
solutions, vaccines, and antibiotic solutions)

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49
Q

Physical Methods: Filtration

Uses vacuum for parental/antibiotic solutions, toxic
chemical and vaccines

A

Plastic Polymers or Cellulose Esters (0.22um)

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50
Q

Physical Methods: Filtration

For isolation rooms and BSC

A

HEPA Filters

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51
Q

Physical Methods: Filtration

Removes microorganisms larger than 0.3um

A

HEPA Filters

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52
Q

Physical Methods

May be used in two forms (ionizing and non-ionizing)

A

Radiation

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53
Q

Ionizing Radiation or Non-Ionizing Radiation

In the form of x-rays, gamma rays and electron beams

A

Ionizing Radiation

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54
Q

Ionizing Radiation or Non-Ionizing Radiation

Short wavelength and high energy

A

Ionizing Radiation

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55
Q

Ionizing Radiation or Non-Ionizing Radiation

Used by the medical field for the sterilization of disposable supplies such as syringes, catheters, and gloves

A

Ionizing Radiation

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56
Q

Ionizing Radiation or Non-Ionizing Radiation

In the form of ultraviolet rays is of long wavelength and low energy

A

Non-ionizing Radiation

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57
Q

Ionizing Radiation or Non-ionizing Radiation

It damages deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) by forming thymine and cytosine dimers

A

Non-ionizing Radiation

58
Q

Ionizing Radiation or Non-Ionizing Radiation

Can be used to
disinfect surfaces

A

Non-ionizing Radiation

59
Q

Actions of Microbial Control Agents

Due to its lipid and CHON components

A

Alteration of Membrane Permeability

60
Q

Actions of Microbial Control Agents

Interferes with DNA and RNA replication and protein synthesis

A

Damage to Protein and Nucleic Acids

61
Q

Device Classification and Methods of Effective Disinfection

Please study the table, I can’t do this anymore <3

A

Basta yung table, please. I love you mwa.

62
Q

Device Classification and Methods of Effective Disinfection

Are materials that invade sterile tissues or enter the vascular system

A

Critical Devices

63
Q

Device Classification and Methods of Effective Disinfection

These materials are most likely to produce infection if
contaminated, and they require sterilization

A

Critical Devices

64
Q

Device Classification and Methods of Effective Disinfection

Before semi critical materials come into contact with mucous membranes, they require high-level disinfection agents

A

Semi-critical Devices

65
Q

Device Classification and Methods of Effective Disinfection

Require intermediate-level to low-level disinfection
before contact with intact skin

A

Non-critical Devices

66
Q

Chemical Methods

Please study the table din ulit hehe.

A

Thank you, mi lav mwa. Take a break and drink water. <3

67
Q

Chemical Methods: Aldehydes

Generally used as formalin, a 37%
aqueous solution, or formaldehyde gas

A

Formaldehyde (6-8%)

68
Q

Chemical Methods: Aldehydes

Often used to disinfectant biosafety hoods and should be left to professionals

A

Formaldehyde (6-8%)

69
Q

Chemical Methods: Aldehydes

Formaldehyde can be used as a?

A

Chemo sterilizer

70
Q

Chemical Methods: Aldehydes

What limits the usefulness of formalin?

A

Limited by its irritability factor and its potential carcinogenicity

71
Q

Chemical Methods: Aldehydes

A saturated five-carbon dialdehyde that has broad- spectrum activity and rapid killing action and remains active in the presence of organic matter

A

Glutaraldehyde (2%)

72
Q

Chemical Methods: Aldehydes

Extremely susceptible to pH changes and is active only in an alkaline environment

A

Glutaraldehyde

73
Q

Chemical Methods: Aldehydes

What causes the killing activity of glutaraldehyde?

A

Inactivation of DNA and RNA through alkylation of sulfhydryl and amino groups

74
Q

Chemical Methods: Gases

Most commonly used for sterilization

A

Ethylene Oxide

75
Q

Chemical Methods: Gases

Because it is ____ in its pure form, it is mixed with nitrogen or carbon dioxide before use

76
Q

Chemical Methods: Gases

What factors determine the effectiveness of gas sterilization?

A
  1. Temperature
  2. Time
  3. Relative Humidity
77
Q

Chemical Methods: Gases

Primarily used as a sterilant in the pharmaceutical and medical device manufacturing industries

A

Hydrogen Peroxide

78
Q

Chemical Methods: Gases

Active against all vegetative microorganisms, bacterial endospores, and fungal spores

A

Hydrogen Peroxide

Both Hydrogen Peroxide and Peracetic Acid

79
Q

Chemical Methods: Gases

Used in a gaseous form as a sterilant primarily in the
pharmaceutical and medical device manufacturing
industries

A

Peracetic Acid

80
Q

Chemical Methods: Alcohols

What are the two most effective alcohols used in hospitals and disinfection?

A

Ethyl alcohol and isopropyl alcohol

81
Q

Chemical Methods: Alcohols

Excellent in vitro bactericidal activity against most gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria

82
Q

Chemical Methods: Alcohols

Also kill Mycobacterium tuberculosis various fungi,
and inactivate certain enveloped viruses but are not sporicidal and have poor activity against
nonenveloped viruses

A

Alcohols

They may actually be contaminated with spores.

83
Q

Chemical Methods: Alcohols

Used principally as antiseptics and disinfectants

84
Q

Chemical Methods: Halogens

Can be used as a disinfectant in one of two forms: tincture or iodophor

A

Iodophors (Iodine)

85
Q

Chemical Methods: Heavy Metals

Rarely used in clinical applications; they have been replaced by safer and more effective compounds

A

Heavy Metals

86
Q

Chemical Methods: Heavy Metals

Had been used as a prophylactic treatment to prevent
gonococcal (Neisseria gonorrhoeae) conjunctivitis in
newborns

A

Silver Nitrate (AgNO3)

Not used anymore because toxic siya like you. <3

87
Q

Chemical Methods: Phenolics

Molecules of phenol (carbolic acid)

88
Q

Chemical Methods:Phenolics

Mechanism of Inactivation?

A

Disruption of cell walls, resulting in precipitation of proteins

At lower concentrations, phenolics are able to disrupt enzyme systems.

89
Q

Chemical Methods: Phenolics

Main Use?

A

In the disinfection of hospital, institutional, and household environments

90
Q

Chemical Methods: Phenolics

Commonly found in germicidal soaps

91
Q

Study the Universal/Standard Precautions for Healthy Handwashing and Blood & Body Fluid Safety

A

Go, bestie <3

92
Q

Give examples of work practice controls.

A
  • No mouth pipetting
  • No eating, drinking, smoking, or applying cosmetics
  • Disinfection of workstations
  • Frequent handwashing
  • Disposal of needles to puncture resistant container
  • No recapping /breaking of contaminated needles
  • Minimize splashing or generation of aerosols
93
Q

Study the sequence for donning and doffing your PPE.

A

TEH SIMULA FIRST YEAR PA YAN MUST I TELL YOU EVERYTHING HAHAHA JOKE

On: gown, mask, goggles, gloves
Off: gown & gloves, goggles, mask

94
Q

Safety from Infectious Agents in Microbiology

Routes of Infection

A
  • Mucous Membrane Contact
  • Conjunctiva and Nose
95
Q

Safety from Infectious Agents in Microbiology

Airborne

A
  • Inhalation of aerosols produced during centrifugation or vortexing of unstoppered tubes
96
Q

Safety from Infectious Agents in Microbiology

Ingestion

A
  • Putting fingers or pens in the mouth and mouth pipetting
  • Sal and Shig (S, S)
97
Q

Safety from Infectious Agents in Microbiology

Direct Inoculation

A
  • Needle prick, broken glass, or through scratches on the fingers
  • HBV, HCV, HDV and HIV
98
Q

Safety from Infectious Agents in Microbiology

A comprehensive of the likelihood of an incident and the
severity of the harm (consequences) if that incident
were to occur

99
Q

Safety from Infectious Agents in Microbiology

A systematic process of gathering information and
evaluating the likelihood and consequences of
exposure to or release of workplace hazard’s and
determining the appropriate risk control measure to
reduce the risk to an acceptable risk

A

Risk Assessment

100
Q

Classification of Infective Microorganisms by Risk Group

A microorganism that is unlikely to cause human or animal disease

A

Risk Group 1

No or Low Individual and Community Risk

101
Q

Classification of Infective Microorganisms by Risk Group

A pathogen that can cause human or animal disease but is unlikely to be a serious hazard to laboratory workers, the community, livestock, or the environment

A

Risk Group 2

Moderate Individual Risk, Low Community Risk

102
Q

Classification of Infective Microorganisms by Risk Group

Laboratory exposures may cause serious infection, but effective treatment and preventive measures are available and the risk of spread or infection is limited

A

Risk Group 2

Moderate Individual Risk, Low Community Risk

103
Q

Classification of Infective Microorganisms by Risk Group

A pathogen that usually causes serious human or animal disease but does not ordinarily spread from one infected individual to another.

Effective treatment and preventive measures are available.

A

Risk Group 3

High Individual Risk, Low Community Risk

104
Q

Classification of Infective Microorganisms by Risk Group

A pathogen that usually causes serious human or animal disease that can be readily transmitted from one individual to another, directly or indirectly.

Effective treatment and preventive measures are not usually available.

A

Risk Group 4

High Individual and Community Risk

105
Q

Guidelines for Safe Work Practices

Give the 5 guidelines

A
  • Identify the hazards associated with an infectious agent/material.
  • ID the activities that might cause exposures to the agent/material.
  • Consider the competencies and experience of laboratory personnel.
  • Evaluate and prioritize risks (evaluate the likelihood that an exposure would cause LAI and the severity of consequences if such an infection occurs).
  • Develop, implement and evaluate controls to minimize the risk for exposure.
106
Q

Strategies for Risk Reduction

  • Use an inactivated biological agent.
  • Use a harmless surrogate.
A

Elimination

107
Q

Strategies for Risk Reduction

  • Substitute with an attenuated or less infectious biological agent.
  • Reduce the volume/titer being used.
  • Change the procedure for one that is less hazardous (such as PCR than culture).
A

Reduction and Substitution

108
Q

Strategies for Risk Reduction

  • Using a primary containment device.
109
Q

Strategies for Risk Reduction

  • Use engineering controls (BSCs), PPE
  • Vaccinate personnel
A

Protection

110
Q

Strategies for Risk Reduction

  • GMPP observed by personnel
  • Good communication of hazards, risk and risk control measure
  • Appropriate training
  • Clear SOPs
  • Establish safety culture
A

Compliance

111
Q

The application of safety precautions that reduce a
laboratorian’s risk of exposure to a potentially infectious microbe and limit contamination of the work environment and, ultimately, the community

112
Q

Each level has specific controls for containment of
microbes and biological agents

A

Biosafety Levels

113
Q

The primary risks that determine the levels of containment are the following:

A
  • Infectivity
  • Severity of disease
  • Transmissibility
  • The nature of the work conducted
114
Q

Biosafety Levels

For handling organisms not known to consistently cause
disease in healthy adult humans

115
Q

Biosafety Levels

Examples: B. subtulis, Naegleria gruberi and M. gordonae

116
Q

Biosafety Levels

Work done open bench tops and with adherence to standard precautions

117
Q

Biosafety Levels

Limited access, biohazard warning signs, decontamination of infectious waste (Autoclave)

118
Q

Biosafety Levels

For handling common or likely encountered pathogens in a routine clinical laboratory

119
Q

Biosafety Levels

Examples: HBV, HIV, Staphylococcus and Enteric Pathogens, B. anthracis and Y. pestis

120
Q

Biosafety Levels

Use partial containment equipment (BSC I & BSC II)

121
Q

Biosafety Levels

Trained personnel, biosafety manual, safety precaution with sharps

122
Q

Biosafety Levels

For suspected of uncommon viruses and organisms that can be transmitted, by aerosols (M. tb and systemic fungi)

123
Q

Biosafety Levels

Examples:** Francisella tularensis and Brucella spp.

124
Q

Biosafety Levels

Adhere to standard precautions, partial containment
equipment-controlled access

125
Q

Biosafety Levels

Ducted air ventilation and special laboratory clothing with personal respirator

126
Q

Biosafety Levels

Research facilities handling exotic viruses

127
Q

Biosafety Levels

Examples: Filovirus, Arenavirus, and potential bioterrorist agents, Smallpox

128
Q

Biosafety Levels

Personnel and all materials are decontaminated before
leaving the facility

129
Q

Biosafety Levels

Non-Circulating ventilation system

130
Q

Biosafety Levels

Maximum containment (separate room for changing street clothing with laboratory clothing) and use of class II or
III
BSCs

131
Q

Containment barrier that protects the worker from
aerosolized transmission of organism

A

Biologic Safety Cabinets

132
Q

Air is sterilized by heat, UV and/or HEPA filter

A

Biologic Safety Cabinets

133
Q

Biologic Safety Cabinets

For room air pass into the cabinet sterilizing only the air to be exhausted

A

BSC Class I

134
Q

Biologic Safety Cabinets

Uses exhaust fan to move air inward through the open front

A

BSC Class I

135
Q

Biologic Safety Cabinets

Air is circulated within the hood passing through HEPA filter before coming outside the hood

A

BSC Class I

136
Q

Biologic Safety Cabinets

Sterilize air that flows over the infectious materials and also the air to be exhausted

A

BSC Class II

137
Q

Biologic Safety Cabinets

70% of the air is recirculated

A

BSC Class II-A

138
Q

Biologic Safety Cabinets

Discharges exhaust air outside of the facility
and are used for manipulating radioisotopes, toxic
chemicals or carcinogens

A

BSC Class II-B

139
Q

Biologic Safety Cabinets

Sterilizes the air coming in and out of the cabinet

A

BSC Class III

140
Q

Biologic Safety Cabinet

Enclosed cabinet with attached gloves

A

BSC Class III

Clinical Bacteriology (33 decks)

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