Ovaries Flashcards
Are ovarian cysts common / rare?
V common
Presentations of benign ovarian tumours ?
A symptomatic
Chronic pain - dull ache, dyspareunia, cyclical pain
Acute pain - bleeding into cyst, ovarian torsion, rupture
Irregular vaginal bleeding
Abdo swelling/ mass
Vaginal exam of benign ovarian tumour?
Discharge
Bleeding
Mass
Tenderness
Abdo exam of benign ovarian tumour ?
Mass raising from pelvis
Tenderness
Peritonism
Ascites
If tumour is small, could examination for benign ovarian tumour be normal?
Yes
Investigations for benign ovarian tumour?
FBC
CA125 if >40 years
AFP, CA19-9, LDH, hCG, CEA if <40 yrs old
TVS
Transabdominal US if cysts extends outside pelvis
MRI if cyst >7cm
Management of benign ovarian tumour if pre -menopausal?
Rescan in 6 weeks
If no malignancy and asymptomatic then no surgery needed.
If >5 cm or symptomatic - laparoscopic ovarian cystectomy
Management of a benign ovarian tumour if post menopausal ?
Low risk <5cm - repeat TVS and CA125 every 4 months.
Moderate risk - bilateral oophrectomy
High risk - referral for staging laparotomy
What is a functional cyst?
Enlarged or persistent follicular/ corpus luteum cyst.
Very common
May cause pain
Treatment for functional cysts?
Usually resolve over few months
What are endometriomas?
Ovarian cysts filled with old blood.
Chocolate cysts
What is a fibroma?
Small, solid, benign, fibrous tissue tumours
What do sex- cord tumours arise from?
Cortical mesenchyme
What is a teratoma?
Arises from primitive germ cells.
More common in young women
Risk factors for ovarian cancer?
Nulliparity
Early menarche/ late menopause
BRCA 1 &2
What are protective for ovarian cancer?
Pregnancy
Breast feeding
COCP
Presentation of ovarian cancer?
Bloating Weight loss Loss of appetite Early satiety Fatigue Urinary symptoms / change in bowel habit Abdo/pelvic pain Vaginal bleeding Pelvic mass
Potential findings on Examination for ovarian cancer?
Fixed abdo/ pelvic mass Ascites Omental mass Pleural effusion Supraclavicular lymph node enlargement
Investigations for ovarian cancer?
FBC, U&Es, LFTs Maybe CA125 increase TVS CXR CT abdo/pelvis MRI If Ascites/ pleural effusion -> cytology
Stage I ovarian cancer?
Confined to ovary
Ia - one ovary
Ib - both ovaries
Stage II ovarian cancer?
Limited to pelvis
Stage III ovarian cancer?
Limited to abdomen - including regional lymph node mets
Stage IV ovarian cancer?
Metastasis around body
Treatment for ovarian cancer ?
Full staging laparotomy
If stage III/IV- neoadjuvant chemo
Chemo after surgery on less stage I