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Phase 3 > Ovarian/ Cervix/ Fallopian tube/ Vaginal Pathology > Flashcards

Ovarian/ Cervix/ Fallopian tube/ Vaginal Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the broad types of ovarian neoplasms?

A

Surface Epithelium

Germ cell

Sex chord- stroma cells

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2
Q

What are the most common mutations that cause ovarian cancer?

A

p53 mutations

KRAS mutations

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3
Q

What are the sub-categories of epithelial ovarian tumours?

A

Serous
- resembles tubal mucosa

Mucinous
- resembles endocervix

Endometroid
- resembles endometrium

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4
Q

What are the mutations that always cause High Grade Serous carcinomas?

A

p53

BRCA1

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5
Q

Mucinous tumours may be mistaken by a tumour from the G.I tract, what is this tumour called?

A

Krukenberg tumour

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6
Q

Ovarian endometroid carcinomas are usually caused by which type of mutation?

A

loss of the tumour suppressor called:

Phosphatase Tensin Homolog

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7
Q

What are the typical germ tumours?

A

Teratomas

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8
Q

What is a medical emergency regarding teratomas?

A

Torsion

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9
Q

Name three tumours that are sex chord - stroma type:

A

Thecoma

  • benign
  • produce oestrogen

Granulosa Cell tumours
- oestrogen producing

Ovarian Fibroma:
- benign and large

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10
Q

What is a complication of ovarian fibromas and what are the symptoms?

A

Meig’s Syndrome

  • Ascites
  • Pleural effusion
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11
Q

What is a mixed tumour?

A

Brenner’s tumour

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12
Q

What is a major worrying symptom of any cancer in the female reproductive system?

A

Post menapausal bleeding

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13
Q

What is common symptoms of ovarian cancer?

A

Bloating
Pain
Abnormal Bleeding
Hirsutism

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14
Q

When carrying out Cervix examination, what instrument is used to view the cervix?

A

Colposcopy

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15
Q

If cells are affected by HPV, what are they called and what is a defining characteristic?

A

Koilocytes

  • hollow around the nucleus
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16
Q

What chemical is added to the cervical tissue to highlight the potentially cancerous tissue?

A

Acetic acid 5%.

stains proteins white - so higher protein producing cells will stain white.

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17
Q

If a slide contains tissue that is probably cancer, what would you expect to see?

A

Very dyskarotic cells

  • dark nucleus
  • irregular nucleus

Strange shaped cells

High volume of lymphocytes

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18
Q

When would CIN3 be diagnosed?

A

When more than 2/3rd of the epithelial layer is dyskarotic

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19
Q

What is the most common type of ovarian tumour in children?

A

Yolk Sac germ cell tumours

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20
Q

What is a histological features sometimes seen on serous adencarcinomas?

A

Psammoma bodies

- calcified plaques

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21
Q

What is the most common type of cancer seen in the Fallopian tubes?

A

Papillary serous carcinoma - form the endometrium

22
Q

What is the term used for inflammation to the Fallopian tube?

A

Salpingitis

23
Q

Name some common infections that cause salpingitis:

A

Chlamydia Tachomatis

Mycoplasma

Nieisseria Gonorrhoeae

Streptococci

24
Q

What are some symptoms of Salpingitis?

A

Fever

Lower abdominal pain/ Pelvic pain

Pelvic mass - if tubes are distended

25
Q

High grade carcinomas of the Fallopian tubes are usually proceeded by lesions occurring at the distal portion. what are these called?

A

Serous Tubal Intraepithelial Carcinomas

STIC

26
Q

Primary cancers of the Fallopiian tubes usually result due to which mutation?

A

BRCA1

27
Q

What are some key symptoms of endometrosis?

A

Dysmenorrhoea

Dysuria

Dyspareunia - painful sex

Dyschezia

Pelvic pain

28
Q

What are the two theories of endometrosis ?

A

Metastatic theory:
- due to retrograde menstruation or surgical procedures the tissue outwith undergo metastatic changes

Metaplastic theory:
- endometrium derives directly off the peritonium which may originate back.

29
Q

What is the term given when uterine tissue develops inside the myometrium of the uterus?

A

Adenomyosis

  • type of diverticulitis of the myometrium
30
Q

What can endometrial Polyps be triggered to grow by?

A

Tamoxifen

31
Q

Histologically what do polyps have an increased ratio off? and what other pathology does this differ to?

A

Increased stroma to gland ratio.

Differs from endometrial hyerplasia and Adenocarcinomas of the endometrium which have increased gland to stroma ratio.

32
Q

What is a benign tumour of the muscle wall of the uterus? and how is it treated?

A

Leiomyoma

  • progesterone
  • tranexamic acid

Surgical - hysterctomy

33
Q

What is a malignant tumour of the muscle of the uterus and how does this differ from the leiomyoma?

A

Leiomyosarcoma

Resembles a polyp
necrosis present
tumours will bleed

34
Q

What is it called when there is cancer of the stroma of the uterus?

A

Endometrial stroma sarcoma

very slow growing cancer

35
Q

What serious pathologies of the female genital tract can lead to abnormal bleeding?

A

Endometrial polyps

Endometrial hyperplasia / adenocarcinoma

leiomyoma

Leiomyosarcoma

Molar Pregnancies

Ectopic pregnancies

(Endometrorosis can cause irregular bleeding but usually during period)

36
Q

What are some key characteristics of a molar pregnancy?

A

Non Tender Large for date uterus.
Vaginal bleeding

Bloods will show high levels of hCG.

37
Q

What type of infection is always associated with inter uterine coil device?

A

Actinomyces

38
Q

What disease can be associated with the vulva?

A

Anything that can affect skin - melanomas, inflammation etc.

39
Q

What non effective inflammation can occur on the Vulva? and whats it associated with?

A

Lichen Plannus

  • Ano-rectal cancers
40
Q

What types of Cancers are associated with the vulva and who do they affect?

A

Squamous Cell Carcinoma associated with Vulva Intraepithlial Neoplasia (VIN) and CIN
- <60

Squamous Cell Carcinoma associated with Dermatomes. Not associated with CIN or VIN
- >60

41
Q

How many vulva cancers are thought to be HPV related?

A

20%

42
Q

What condition typically produces chocolate cysts?

A

Endometrosis

43
Q

What is Menorrhagia?

A

Very heavy periods consisting of more than 80mls of blood

normal is 40mls

44
Q

What disorders can cause menorrhagia?

A

Hypothyroidism

Obesity

Polycystic ovarian syndrome

45
Q

List some treatments of Menorrhagia:

A

mefenamic acid and tranexamic acid
- stops bleeding

NSAIDS - pain

Surgical

  • remove uterine artery
  • Burn surface of endometrium
46
Q

What is an important blood marker for ovarian tumours?

A

Ca125

47
Q

Define Amenorrhea:

A

3 or more consistent periods missed

No period by age 15 years

48
Q

What are the most common ovarian masses in young women?

A

Ovarian cysts:

Physiological ovarian cysts - non -rupture dominant follicles.

49
Q

What is the most common tumour of the ovaries?

A

Serous Cystadenoma

50
Q

When thinking about cervical biopsies, what things might we see in a cancerous sample?

A

CIN - grading

Koilocytosis

Phase 3 (50 decks)

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