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Phase 3 > Ovarian/ Cervix/ Fallopian tube/ Vaginal Pathology > Flashcards

Ovarian/ Cervix/ Fallopian tube/ Vaginal Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the broad types of ovarian neoplasms?

A

Surface Epithelium

Germ cell

Sex chord- stroma cells

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2
Q

What are the most common mutations that cause ovarian cancer?

A

p53 mutations

KRAS mutations

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3
Q

What are the sub-categories of epithelial ovarian tumours?

A

Serous
- resembles tubal mucosa

Mucinous
- resembles endocervix

Endometroid
- resembles endometrium

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4
Q

What are the mutations that always cause High Grade Serous carcinomas?

A

p53

BRCA1

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5
Q

Mucinous tumours may be mistaken by a tumour from the G.I tract, what is this tumour called?

A

Krukenberg tumour

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6
Q

Ovarian endometroid carcinomas are usually caused by which type of mutation?

A

loss of the tumour suppressor called:

Phosphatase Tensin Homolog

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7
Q

What are the typical germ tumours?

A

Teratomas

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8
Q

What is a medical emergency regarding teratomas?

A

Torsion

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9
Q

Name three tumours that are sex chord - stroma type:

A

Thecoma

  • benign
  • produce oestrogen

Granulosa Cell tumours
- oestrogen producing

Ovarian Fibroma:
- benign and large

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10
Q

What is a complication of ovarian fibromas and what are the symptoms?

A

Meig’s Syndrome

  • Ascites
  • Pleural effusion
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11
Q

What is a mixed tumour?

A

Brenner’s tumour

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12
Q

What is a major worrying symptom of any cancer in the female reproductive system?

A

Post menapausal bleeding

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13
Q

What is common symptoms of ovarian cancer?

A

Bloating
Pain
Abnormal Bleeding
Hirsutism

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14
Q

When carrying out Cervix examination, what instrument is used to view the cervix?

A

Colposcopy

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15
Q

If cells are affected by HPV, what are they called and what is a defining characteristic?

A

Koilocytes

  • hollow around the nucleus
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16
Q

What chemical is added to the cervical tissue to highlight the potentially cancerous tissue?

A

Acetic acid 5%.

stains proteins white - so higher protein producing cells will stain white.

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17
Q

If a slide contains tissue that is probably cancer, what would you expect to see?

A

Very dyskarotic cells

  • dark nucleus
  • irregular nucleus

Strange shaped cells

High volume of lymphocytes

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18
Q

When would CIN3 be diagnosed?

A

When more than 2/3rd of the epithelial layer is dyskarotic

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19
Q

What is the most common type of ovarian tumour in children?

A

Yolk Sac germ cell tumours

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20
Q

What is a histological features sometimes seen on serous adencarcinomas?

A

Psammoma bodies

- calcified plaques

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21
Q

What is the most common type of cancer seen in the Fallopian tubes?

A

Papillary serous carcinoma - form the endometrium

22
Q

What is the term used for inflammation to the Fallopian tube?

A

Salpingitis

23
Q

Name some common infections that cause salpingitis:

A

Chlamydia Tachomatis

Mycoplasma

Nieisseria Gonorrhoeae

Streptococci

24
Q

What are some symptoms of Salpingitis?

A

Fever

Lower abdominal pain/ Pelvic pain

Pelvic mass - if tubes are distended

25
High grade carcinomas of the Fallopian tubes are usually proceeded by lesions occurring at the distal portion. what are these called?
Serous Tubal Intraepithelial Carcinomas STIC
26
Primary cancers of the Fallopiian tubes usually result due to which mutation?
BRCA1
27
What are some key symptoms of endometrosis?
Dysmenorrhoea Dysuria Dyspareunia - painful sex Dyschezia Pelvic pain
28
What are the two theories of endometrosis ?
Metastatic theory: - due to retrograde menstruation or surgical procedures the tissue outwith undergo metastatic changes Metaplastic theory: - endometrium derives directly off the peritonium which may originate back.
29
What is the term given when uterine tissue develops inside the myometrium of the uterus?
Adenomyosis - type of diverticulitis of the myometrium
30
What can endometrial Polyps be triggered to grow by?
Tamoxifen
31
Histologically what do polyps have an increased ratio off? and what other pathology does this differ to?
Increased stroma to gland ratio. Differs from endometrial hyerplasia and Adenocarcinomas of the endometrium which have increased gland to stroma ratio.
32
What is a benign tumour of the muscle wall of the uterus? and how is it treated?
Leiomyoma - progesterone - tranexamic acid Surgical - hysterctomy
33
What is a malignant tumour of the muscle of the uterus and how does this differ from the leiomyoma?
Leiomyosarcoma Resembles a polyp necrosis present tumours will bleed
34
What is it called when there is cancer of the stroma of the uterus?
Endometrial stroma sarcoma very slow growing cancer
35
What serious pathologies of the female genital tract can lead to abnormal bleeding?
Endometrial polyps Endometrial hyperplasia / adenocarcinoma leiomyoma Leiomyosarcoma Molar Pregnancies Ectopic pregnancies (Endometrorosis can cause irregular bleeding but usually during period)
36
What are some key characteristics of a molar pregnancy?
Non Tender Large for date uterus. Vaginal bleeding Bloods will show high levels of hCG.
37
What type of infection is always associated with inter uterine coil device?
Actinomyces
38
What disease can be associated with the vulva?
Anything that can affect skin - melanomas, inflammation etc.
39
What non effective inflammation can occur on the Vulva? and whats it associated with?
Lichen Plannus - Ano-rectal cancers
40
What types of Cancers are associated with the vulva and who do they affect?
Squamous Cell Carcinoma associated with Vulva Intraepithlial Neoplasia (VIN) and CIN - <60 Squamous Cell Carcinoma associated with Dermatomes. Not associated with CIN or VIN - >60
41
How many vulva cancers are thought to be HPV related?
20%
42
What condition typically produces chocolate cysts?
Endometrosis
43
What is Menorrhagia?
Very heavy periods consisting of more than 80mls of blood | normal is 40mls
44
What disorders can cause menorrhagia?
Hypothyroidism Obesity Polycystic ovarian syndrome
45
List some treatments of Menorrhagia:
mefenamic acid and tranexamic acid - stops bleeding NSAIDS - pain Surgical - remove uterine artery - Burn surface of endometrium
46
What is an important blood marker for ovarian tumours?
Ca125
47
Define Amenorrhea:
3 or more consistent periods missed No period by age 15 years
48
What are the most common ovarian masses in young women?
Ovarian cysts: | Physiological ovarian cysts - non -rupture dominant follicles.
49
What is the most common tumour of the ovaries?
Serous Cystadenoma
50
When thinking about cervical biopsies, what things might we see in a cancerous sample?
CIN - grading Koilocytosis

Phase 3 (50 decks)

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