Infectious Diseases Flashcards
What is the name of the mosquito that transmits malaria?
Anopheles Mosquito
What is the most common type of malaria to affect people in the UK and is also the most serious?
Plasmodium Falciparum
What is the most common type of malaria worldwide?
Plasmodium Vivax
What is the life cycle of Malaria?
- Sporozoites Injection from mosquito
- infection of hepatocytes
- Merozoites - infection of RBCs
- Asexual reproduction in RBCs
- Ring form
- Trophoziote
- Schizonts - RBCs haemolysis, release of Merozoites
Treatment of malaria?
Artmenther compounds
- riamet
Quinine + Doxycycline
Prevention of Malaria?
Mefloquine
Doxycycline
Malarone
What causes enteric Fever?
Salmonella Typhi
or
Salmonella Paratyphi
**paratyphi is more common in travelers
What is the incubation period for Enteric fever?
5-21 days
What are the symptoms of enteric fever?
- sustained fever - 2 weeks
- flu like symptoms
- abdominal tenderness
- Rose spots
- splenomegaly
What are complication of enteric fever?
- septic shock
- bowel perforation
due to peyer patches involvement - enteric encephalopahty
- meningitis
Treatment of Enteric fever?
Quinolones
Cephalosporins
Azithromycin
What causes dengue fever?
Flavivirus
What are the symptoms of dengue fever?
Abrupt onset of fever
Incredibly sore back
headache
retro-orbital pain
What is the diagnostic test are done for malaria?
Rapid Diagnostic Testing
- malarial antigens
Thin blood film
Thick blood film
What are the most common bacteria associated with UTIs?
E. Coli
proteus mirabilis
Staph Suprophyticus
Morphologically how would treponema Pallidum be described?
Spiral shaped
What type of virus is HPV?
DNA
What are the types of HIV?
Two Types
HIV -1
HIV -2
**HIV1 is the most common
What are the contents of HIV?
2 copies of RNA
reverse transcriptase
Protease
Integrase
What does HIV bind too on the Cd4 cell?
CCR5
What protein on the HIV virus is used to bind to CCR5?
GP120
What tests are done to identify HIV?
CD4 count
PCR - HIV-1 plasma RNA. Identifies:
- how much virus is in the blood
- HIV subtypes
What is the CD4 count when AIDS is confirmed?
<200
List some AIDS defining infections
Pneumocytisi Jiroveci
Candidiasis infections systemically
TB
List some types of medications used in HIV treatment:
Reverse transciptase inhibitors:
- nucleotide
- non nucleotide
Protease inhibitors
Integrase inhibitors
Co-receptor blockers
What is the treatment for HIV?
Highly aggressive antiretroviral therapy
- HAART
3 medication combination
**usually 2 nuceloside reverse transcriptase inhibitors + another drug from another class
What causes the common cold?
Rhino virus
- single stranded RNA
over 100 serotypes
Largest species of virus known
What virus causes pharngitis and how can you differentiate between a bacterial infection and the virus?
Adenovirus
**DNA virus
if nasal symptoms it is likely viral
What virus causes croup?
Parainfluenza virus
What virus causes bronchiolitis?
Respiratory Synctial virus
When thinking about antigenic shift, what sialic acid residues does humans have? how does this vary from pigs and birds?
humans:
alpha 2-6 sialic acid
Pigs:
alpha 2-6/2-3
**mixture
Birds:
alpha 2-3
What virus is usually responsible for SARS? name a new type
Coronovirus
Middle eastern virus
How is N. Gonorrhea treated?
Ceftriaxone
+
Azithromycin
(+ Doxycycline for other cover of infections)
How is Chlamydia Trochmatis treated?
Doxycycline for 1 week
or
Azithromycin 1 dose
In Bacterial meningitis you give ceftriaxone, and if over 60 years or immunocompromised you give amoxicillin. if there is a penicillin allergy what drugs do you give instead?
Chloramphenicol
+
Co - Trimoxazole
If a 40 year came in with bacterial meningitis, what would your first line of treatment be?
then what if he had a penicillin allergy?
Ceftriaxone
if penicillin allergy switch to chloramphenicol
What kind of sialic acid do human cells have, and what’s it called when the virus is able to bind to different types of sialic acid?
alpha 2-6 sialic acid
Antigenic shift
What are the most common strains of influenza?
Type A: H3N2
Type A: H1N1
What is the swine flu strain?
H1N1
H3N2
the most common seasonal flus now
What tests are available for diagnosing influenza out with clinical?
Rapid influenza Diagnostic Test
PCR
What treatments can be given for influenza?
Neuraminidase inhibitors
M2 proton
- prevents uncoating of the virus
Name some bacteria that are typically transferred during an animal bite. How is this managed?
S. Aureus
S. Strep
Anaerobics
Pasteurella
Capnocytophagia
1st line: co-amoxiclav
2nd line: doxycycline + metronidazole
debridement
Tetanus shoot
Name the bacteria that is associated with large boil formations and is extremely contagious:
PVL Staph Aureus
What mosquito is likely to bite you during the day? and what disease does it transmit?
Aedes Mosquito
- Dengue fever
What mosquito is likely to bite you during the night? and what disease does it spread?
Anopheles Mosquito
- Malaria
What are some physical barriers to avoid mosquito bites?
- indoors
- AC conditioning
- Impregnanted netting
- tugged in - even during the day
- **clothing
- covered.
How long is DEET effective for against mosquitoes?
DEET - 40% every 3-4 hours
If some arrived in a malaria infected area and 48 hours later got a fever, is it malaria?
No this is too soon. the life cycle takes much longer.
What the class malaria symptoms:
Headache
Fever
Myalgia
Diarrhea
Jaundice
What would the classification of parasitaemia for malaria?
> 2% of RBCs effected
Why does prophylaxis of malaria need to be maintained even after returning from the country?
Because some of the spirocytes may escape into the liver and can be stubborn to remove
How can you catch Typhoid? (enteric fever)
Contaminated water
How is typhoid diagnosed?
History
- Blood cultures
Serology (not done in UK)
What are the haemorrhagic fevers?
Lassa Virus
Ebola
Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever - CCHF
RIft Valley Fever
SAVHF
Yellow Fever
How do Haemorrhagic fevers cause bleeding and how do people die?
Bleeding from mucosal areas
Septic shock
How would you test for legionella Pneumophila?
Urine
If a patient presents pyrexial, tachycardic with a history of illness, what should the next steps be?
Sepsis Screen - Q-Sofa
Bloods
Cultures
Imaging
What bacteria are usually associated with epiglottitis? and what would the symptoms be of this?
Bacteria:
H. Influenza
S. Pneumonia
S. Aures
Beta haemolytic Strep
Viral:
- EBV
- HSV type -1
- Influenza viruses
Difficulty breathing, septitc.
What is a major complication of Metastatic group A strep infection?
Cerebral Abscesses
If you have a Group A strep systemic infection which drugs should be used and which should always be added to the regime? and why?
Beta lactams
+
Clindamycin
Group A step have very high virulence factors - thus adding clindamycin to reduce the toxin production is essential
What are the two main ways infection enters the G.I?
Direct entrance of bacteria
Toxin consumption
If someone is on chemotherapy, what is a disorder that can occur which results in decrease in anate immune barrier, leading one to be more prone to G.I infections?
Mucositis
What two E.Coli infections don’t cause fever?
Hemorrhagic E.Coli/ 0157
Enterogenic E. Coli
How long do you have immunity to norovirus?
6-14 weeks
Whats the biggest cause of norovirus spread?
Poor hand hygiene
What virus causes D&V under <2 years?
Rotovirus
