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Phase 3 > Microbiology > Flashcards

Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the indications for SIRS?

A

Temp:
>38
<36

Heart rate:
>90

Tachypnoea
>20 bpm
<4.3kpa pCO2

White cell:
<4
>12

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2
Q

Define Sepsis:

A

Life threatening organ damage caused by dysregulated host response.

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3
Q

Define Severe Sepsis:

A

Sepsis + Organ Damage or hypo-tension

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4
Q

Define Septic Shock:

A 
Severe sepsis 
\+
<60mmHg (MAP)
\+ 
Serum Lactate >18mg/dl
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5
Q

What are the Sepsis 6:

A
  1. Oxygen
  2. Cultures
  3. IV antibiotics
  4. Fluid Resuscitation
  5. Lactate
  6. Urine Output
    (7. Review)
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6
Q

What are the two types of Necrotising Fasciitis?

A

Type I: Synergestic

  • aneorobes
  • aerobes
  • affect old people

Type II:
Group A, Beta haemolytic Strep
*affects young

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7
Q

In Necrotising fasciitis, there is a discolouration that occurs under the skin due to bleeding, what is this called?

A

Ecchymosis

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8
Q

What organisms are usually implicated in Biliary sepsis

A

Coliforms - E.coli

Klebsiella

Enterobacter

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9
Q

What is Chronic Granulomatous disease?

A

X-linked condition leading to defects in the NADPH oxidase

leukocytes can’t kill things

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10
Q

If there is spleen damage, what infection are people prone too?

A

Nisseria Meningitis

Haemophilus infleunza

Strep Pneumonia

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11
Q

In a solid organ transplant patient, what is the likely infections <1 month after procedure

A

C. Diff
MRSA
Gram Neg

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12
Q

In a solid organ transplant patient, what is the likely infections >6 month after procedure

A

Pneumococcus
Listeria
Salmonella
Legionella

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13
Q

What are common infections seen in immunosupressed individuals, especially after transplant?

A

Cytomegalovirus
- pneumonia

Candida infection

Pneumocystisi Jerovecii

Asprgillus
- common in marrow transplant

HSV

VZV

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14
Q

What does C. Diff grow in?

A

Brazier’s media

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15
Q

Name the slow-lactose fermenting gram negative bacteria

A

Serratia

Citrobacter

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16
Q

Name the coccobacilli gram negatives:

A

Bordetella

Haemophillus

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17
Q

Name the non-lactose fermenting gram negatives:

A

Pseudomonas

Proteus

Stenotrophomanas

Salmonella

Yersinia

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18
Q

What two bacterial infections are commonly associated with poultry?

A

Salmonella

Campylobacter

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19
Q

What are the two major bacterial causes of septic arthritis?

A

S. Aurues
- older

Nesiseria Gonorrhoeae
- younger females

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20
Q

What infections commonly cause vesicular rashes?

A

Herpes simplex

Varicella Zoster virus

Coxsackievirus (hand foot and mouth)

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21
Q

What virus is most commonly associated with hand foot and mouth disease? what are some other strains?

A

Coxsackievirus A16

A6
A10
Enterovirus 71

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22
Q

In the VZV, when are children ineffective by?

A

48hrs prior to rash onset.

~12day mark.

usually 1-2weeks of fever and malaise

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23
Q

What is it called when there is continual pain following zoster infection?

A

Post hepatic neuralgia

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24
Q

What are some complications to immunosupressed of VZV?

A

Bacterial infection in the skin

Disseminated varicella

Haemorrhagic varicella

VZV pneumonitis

VZV encephalitis

25
Q

What is reasonably unique symptom to Hand foot and mouth disease?

A

Herpangina

  • posterior oropharyngeal vesicualr rash
  • painful
  • ulcertation
26
Q

What tests are performed when checking for STDs?

A

Blood test:

  • HIV
  • Syphilis
  • Hep B

Swabs

  • Gonorrhoea
  • Chlamydia

which used the Nucleic Acid Amplification Test

27
Q

Whats the incubation time for gonorrhoea?

A

2-7 days

28
Q

What’s the treatment for Gonorrhoea?

A 
Ceftriaxone 
\+ 
Azithromycin 
\+
Doxycycline (for chlamydia cover)
29
Q

What’s the incubation period for Chlamydia Trachomatis?

A

7-12 days

30
Q

What’s the treatment for Chlamydia?

A

Azithromycin

31
Q

What is the incubation period for Treponema Pallidum? (Syphilis)

A

2 weeks

32
Q

What is the offical name for syphilis

A

Trepnema Pallidum

33
Q

What agar plate can be used for isolation of salmonella and shigella species? and what colour do the various pathogens produce?

A

Xylose Lysine Deocycholate Agar

salmonella: red with black centres

Shigella: Red with no black centres

34
Q

What bacteria is commonly associated with toxic shock syndrome via its toxins?

A

Staph Aureus

35
Q

Which bacteria is commonly associated with pharyngitis?

A

Strep Pyogenses - Group A. Beta Haemolytic

36
Q

How is sepsis assessed at the bed side?

A

QSOFA

  • hypotensive <100mmHg systolic
  • Tachyponea >22
  • Confusion, lowered GCS
37
Q

Whats the most likely cause of meningitis in children aged between 1 month - late childhood

A

Meninigiococcus - nessiera meningitis

38
Q

whats the most common cause of LRTIs in neonates?

A

Group B, Strep

39
Q

Whats the most common cause of LTRIs in older children?

A

Mycoplasma Pneumonia

40
Q

What the most common cause of meningitis in neonates?

A

Group B Strep

41
Q

What makes up the vaccine for pneumococcal?

A

Capsular polysaccharides

42
Q

What is the downside of polysaccharide vaccines?

A

They don’t produce as much of a response against the antigen that protein derived types.

thus conjugate proteins can be added sometimes

43
Q

Outwith one’s own immunity how can vaccines be useful?

A

Produce herd immunity

44
Q

What the most common presentation of invassive Haemophilus Influenza?

A

meningitis

45
Q

What is the under lying virus of Cytomegalovirus?

A

Human herpesvirus 5

HHV - 5

really hard to prevent transmission of this virus.

46
Q

What is the underlying cause of kaposi tumour?

A

Human Herpvesvirus 8

HHV - 8

47
Q

What are the waves of Pendemics?

A

1st wave:

  • high infection rates
  • low mortality

2nd wave:

  • higher infection rates
  • high death rate

3rd wave:

  • large population of world exposed
  • few people not exposed
48
Q

What leads to epidemics?

A

Antigenic Drift

49
Q

What leads to pandemics?

A

Antigenic Shift

50
Q

Whats the two most common subtypes of Influenza Type A?

A

H1N1

H3N2

51
Q

What kind of virus is influenza?

A

Segmented Negative stand RNA

52
Q

What commonly causes Necrotising facititis in young people?

A

Strep Pyogenes group A which produces a supertoxin.

53
Q

What produces scarlet fever?

A

Strep Pyogenes

54
Q

Whats the major virulence factor in rheumatic fever?

A

M protein /

found on the cell wall on the pyogenes.

It promotes a very strong humoral response.

55
Q

What common infections does S. Pneumonia cause?

A

MOPS

  • Meningitis
  • Otitis Medias
  • Pneuomnia
  • Sinusitis
56
Q

What is the different between adult and child vaccines for S. Pneuomnia?

A

Adult - polysaccarihe - IgM - not long lasting

Child - polysaccharide + conjugated protein = IgG - long lasting

57
Q

What are the stages of epidemiology of infectious disease to susceptible host?

A

Reservoir

  • people
  • animals
  • phones

Mode of transmission

  • airborne
  • contact
  • vector

Susceptible host

58
Q

What are the modes of transmission?

A

Direct

  • contact
  • droplet

Indirect:

  • airborne
  • vehicle borne - water
  • vector borne - mechanical, biological
59
Q

What are the standard precautions to infection control?

A

Hand hygiene

PPE

Cough Hygiene

Prevention of needle sticks

Waste disposal

Environmental cleaning

Gown wearing

Phase 3 (50 decks)

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