General Pathology and Inflammation Flashcards
What Cellular chemical is important for Macrophage activation and development?
IFN
Which molecule promotes Diapedesis of neutrophils?
Intergrins
In granulomas when are lymphocytes and plasma cells not typically seen?
When granuloma formation is due to foreign material
What two types of macrophages are found in granulomas?
Epitheloid Cells
Gaint Cells - Multiple macrophages joined together
What are some characteristics of a cell under stress, but it is still reversible?
Swelling of cell
Cloudyness
Swelling of mitochondria and R.E.R
What are some histological findings of a cell that is about to become necrosis?
Cell swelling
Vacuolation of organelles
Disruptions of cell membranes
Membrane Pleps
What nuclear changes occur in necrosis?
Nuclear becoming pale
Nuclear Shrinkage
Nuclear fragmentation
Name the types of necrosis, with examples:
Coagulative: ischemic, gangrene
Colliquitive: Pus, cerebral infarct
Caecous: cheese like - TB
Fat Necrosis - pancreas
List the morphological changes in apoptosis:
Cell shrinks
DNA condenses (packs up)
Membranes all remain intact
Cytoplasmic plebs form and break off - which are engulfed
Nucleus fragments - but membrane remains intact.
What type of endogenous deposition is seen in older age and is pigmented?
Lipofucin
Name to endogenous amyloid build ups:
Amyloid light chain - immunoglobin
Amyloid associated Protein/ AA Amyloid. - inflammaiton related.
What is the clinical consequences of Hypereosinophilia syndrome?
Constrictive Cardiomyopathy
What is microscopic finding in people asthma associated with the eosinophils present?
Charcot Leyden Crystals
List some benefits of acute inflammation
Dilution of toxins
Increased entry of antibodies (and drugs)
Fibrin traps micro-organisms
Delivery nutrients
Stimulation of immune response
How is chronic inflammation defined?
When the inflamed tissue is unable to over come causative
Persistent over weeks - years
Characterised by infiltration of Lymphocytes, macrophages and plasma cells
Ganulomas may be present
What is a common histological appearance in Chrons disease?
Non - necrotising granulomas
With regard to granulomas, what is the reaction that leads to there formation, and what specific cytokines are important for this?
Delayed hypersensitivity reaction - via T cell activation.
These activate macrophages, specifically through IFN- Gamma
What causes syphilis?
Treponema Pallidum
Whats it called when there is a tumour of the Mast Cells?
mastocytosis
Name the types of exudation and give examples:
Supprurative - Neutrophil rich
- pus
Fibrionous - Fibrin and fibrinogen
- rheumatic conditions
Serous exudate - similar to plasma
- TB and Peroneal cavity
What are the two stages of autopsy?
External Examination
Internal examination
Of the internal examination in an autopsy, what are the stages?
- Evisceration - single cut from sternal notch to pubis synphysis
Cut behind the skull
- Organ dissection
How does lobar Pneumonia spread?
Blood - keeping it localised to one lobe
Which infection causing meningitis is spread through inhalation and affects anyone?
Meningococcus
Which type of meningitis predominantly affects those with weakened immune system, especially alcoholics?
Pneumococcus
Define Anaplasia:
Lack of differentiation, morphology, and functioning of a cell.
Define dysplasia:
Anaplasia, disordered growth of cells but contained within basement membrane
Define Carinoma in situ:
Full thickness of epithelial cells is dysplastic but contained with the basement membrane.
What are some typical appearance of dyspastic cells?
Nucleus becomes hyperchromatic
Irregular membranes
Nuclear cytoplasm has changed
What is a growth that is tumour like, but contain tissue of origin and is controlled in growth according to the person?
Hamartoma
In Meckel’s Diverticulum what is the remenant left over that forms the diverticulum?
Vitelline - remnant of yolk sac duct that fed the gut before being replaced.
What is the name given to the process by which part of the intestine prolapses into an adjacent part?
Intussusecption
What is a complication of diverticulitis?
Fitsula formation with rupture leading to faecal matter leakage.
What is the two broad categories of congenital abnormalities?
Functional
Structural
What type of diverticulium is Meckel’s?
True - contains all layers of the gut.
What are the two mechanisms leading to cancers?
Inactivation = tumour suppressors
Activation - proto-onco genes.
What are anti-cancer defences within the body?
Immune system
Apoptosis
- check point failure
What produces fever in inflammation?
Release of:
IL-1
IL-6
TNF - alpha
Prostagladins.
- working on the hypothalamus
Define Atrophy:
Decrease in the size of cells, number of cells and weight of tissue/ organ.
due to:
- reduced hormone stimulation
- decreased innervation
- decreased blood flow
Define Hypertrophy:
Increase in cell size, leadin to an increase in tissue size and weight.
most commonly occurs in permanent and stable cells which are not able/ less willing to undergo proliferation
Define Hyperplasia:
Increase in the number of NORMAL cells.
What is meant by grade of a tumour?
level of differentiation from the parent cell.
poorly differentiated does not resemble parent cell as much and is therefore of higher grade.
thus;
poorly differentiated = high grade
Name some cytologically changes seen in cancerous cells:
Large irregular nucleus - pleomorphism
Irregular borders of the nucleus - pleomorphism
Large nucleus to cytoplasm ratio
Increased chromatin - darker, more of it
Free ribosomes
Reduced mitochondria
mitotic figures
What do malignant cells have more of in comparison to normal cells that increases their ability to carry out cell cycles without destroying their DNA?
Telomerase activity
Keep the telomere long
List some gross appearances of a malignant tumour in comparison to a benign one:
Irregular shape
Non capsulated
High Lymphocyte activity around it
Signs of necrosis
Signs of haemorrhage
Poorly observed borders borders
Compare and contrast necrosis and apoptosis:
Necrosis:
Uncontrolled pathological multiple cells involved Loss of membrane structure - leakage of cellular content Induces inflammation
Apoptosis:
controlled can be physiological isolated cells non loss of membrane - no leakage of cellular structure does not promote inflammation
