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Phase 3 > General Pathology and Inflammation > Flashcards

General Pathology and Inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

What Cellular chemical is important for Macrophage activation and development?

A

IFN

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2
Q

Which molecule promotes Diapedesis of neutrophils?

A

Intergrins

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3
Q

In granulomas when are lymphocytes and plasma cells not typically seen?

A

When granuloma formation is due to foreign material

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4
Q

What two types of macrophages are found in granulomas?

A

Epitheloid Cells

Gaint Cells - Multiple macrophages joined together

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5
Q

What are some characteristics of a cell under stress, but it is still reversible?

A

Swelling of cell

Cloudyness

Swelling of mitochondria and R.E.R

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6
Q

What are some histological findings of a cell that is about to become necrosis?

A

Cell swelling

Vacuolation of organelles

Disruptions of cell membranes

Membrane Pleps

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7
Q

What nuclear changes occur in necrosis?

A

Nuclear becoming pale

Nuclear Shrinkage

Nuclear fragmentation

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8
Q

Name the types of necrosis, with examples:

A

Coagulative: ischemic, gangrene

Colliquitive: Pus, cerebral infarct

Caecous: cheese like - TB

Fat Necrosis - pancreas

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9
Q

List the morphological changes in apoptosis:

A

Cell shrinks

DNA condenses (packs up)

Membranes all remain intact

Cytoplasmic plebs form and break off - which are engulfed

Nucleus fragments - but membrane remains intact.

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10
Q

What type of endogenous deposition is seen in older age and is pigmented?

A

Lipofucin

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11
Q

Name to endogenous amyloid build ups:

A

Amyloid light chain - immunoglobin

Amyloid associated Protein/ AA Amyloid. - inflammaiton related.

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12
Q

What is the clinical consequences of Hypereosinophilia syndrome?

A

Constrictive Cardiomyopathy

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13
Q

What is microscopic finding in people asthma associated with the eosinophils present?

A

Charcot Leyden Crystals

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14
Q

List some benefits of acute inflammation

A

Dilution of toxins

Increased entry of antibodies (and drugs)

Fibrin traps micro-organisms

Delivery nutrients

Stimulation of immune response

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15
Q

How is chronic inflammation defined?

A

When the inflamed tissue is unable to over come causative

Persistent over weeks - years

Characterised by infiltration of Lymphocytes, macrophages and plasma cells

Ganulomas may be present

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16
Q

What is a common histological appearance in Chrons disease?

A

Non - necrotising granulomas

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17
Q

With regard to granulomas, what is the reaction that leads to there formation, and what specific cytokines are important for this?

A

Delayed hypersensitivity reaction - via T cell activation.

These activate macrophages, specifically through IFN- Gamma

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18
Q

What causes syphilis?

A

Treponema Pallidum

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19
Q

Whats it called when there is a tumour of the Mast Cells?

A

mastocytosis

20
Q

Name the types of exudation and give examples:

A

Supprurative - Neutrophil rich
- pus

Fibrionous - Fibrin and fibrinogen
- rheumatic conditions

Serous exudate - similar to plasma
- TB and Peroneal cavity

21
Q

What are the two stages of autopsy?

A

External Examination

Internal examination

22
Q

Of the internal examination in an autopsy, what are the stages?

A
  1. Evisceration - single cut from sternal notch to pubis synphysis

Cut behind the skull

  1. Organ dissection
23
Q

How does lobar Pneumonia spread?

A

Blood - keeping it localised to one lobe

24
Q

Which infection causing meningitis is spread through inhalation and affects anyone?

A

Meningococcus

25
Q

Which type of meningitis predominantly affects those with weakened immune system, especially alcoholics?

A

Pneumococcus

26
Q

Define Anaplasia:

A

Lack of differentiation, morphology, and functioning of a cell.

27
Q

Define dysplasia:

A

Anaplasia, disordered growth of cells but contained within basement membrane

28
Q

Define Carinoma in situ:

A

Full thickness of epithelial cells is dysplastic but contained with the basement membrane.

29
Q

What are some typical appearance of dyspastic cells?

A

Nucleus becomes hyperchromatic

Irregular membranes

Nuclear cytoplasm has changed

30
Q

What is a growth that is tumour like, but contain tissue of origin and is controlled in growth according to the person?

A

Hamartoma

31
Q

In Meckel’s Diverticulum what is the remenant left over that forms the diverticulum?

A

Vitelline - remnant of yolk sac duct that fed the gut before being replaced.

32
Q

What is the name given to the process by which part of the intestine prolapses into an adjacent part?

A

Intussusecption

33
Q

What is a complication of diverticulitis?

A

Fitsula formation with rupture leading to faecal matter leakage.

34
Q

What is the two broad categories of congenital abnormalities?

A

Functional

Structural

35
Q

What type of diverticulium is Meckel’s?

A

True - contains all layers of the gut.

36
Q

What are the two mechanisms leading to cancers?

A

Inactivation = tumour suppressors

Activation - proto-onco genes.

37
Q

What are anti-cancer defences within the body?

A

Immune system

Apoptosis
- check point failure

38
Q

What produces fever in inflammation?

A

Release of:
IL-1
IL-6
TNF - alpha

Prostagladins.
- working on the hypothalamus

39
Q

Define Atrophy:

A

Decrease in the size of cells, number of cells and weight of tissue/ organ.
due to:
- reduced hormone stimulation

  • decreased innervation
  • decreased blood flow
40
Q

Define Hypertrophy:

A

Increase in cell size, leadin to an increase in tissue size and weight.
most commonly occurs in permanent and stable cells which are not able/ less willing to undergo proliferation

41
Q

Define Hyperplasia:

A

Increase in the number of NORMAL cells.

42
Q

What is meant by grade of a tumour?

A

level of differentiation from the parent cell.

poorly differentiated does not resemble parent cell as much and is therefore of higher grade.
thus;
poorly differentiated = high grade

43
Q

Name some cytologically changes seen in cancerous cells:

A

Large irregular nucleus - pleomorphism
Irregular borders of the nucleus - pleomorphism
Large nucleus to cytoplasm ratio
Increased chromatin - darker, more of it

Free ribosomes

Reduced mitochondria

mitotic figures

44
Q

What do malignant cells have more of in comparison to normal cells that increases their ability to carry out cell cycles without destroying their DNA?

A

Telomerase activity

Keep the telomere long

45
Q

List some gross appearances of a malignant tumour in comparison to a benign one:

A

Irregular shape

Non capsulated

High Lymphocyte activity around it

Signs of necrosis

Signs of haemorrhage

Poorly observed borders borders

46
Q

Compare and contrast necrosis and apoptosis:

A

Necrosis:

Uncontrolled
pathological 
multiple cells involved 
Loss of membrane structure - leakage of cellular content 
Induces inflammation

Apoptosis:

controlled 
can be physiological 
isolated cells 
non loss of membrane - no leakage of cellular structure 
does not promote inflammation

Phase 3 (50 decks)

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