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Phase 3 > Gynecology 2 > Flashcards

Gynecology 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What’s the most common cause of death in cervical cancer?

A

Renal failure = due to hydronephrosis. blockage of bladder as cancer invades.

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2
Q

What do the early genes in HPV code for?

A

INteract with molecules to disrupt normal cell cycle:

E6= p53

E7 = Rb

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3
Q

What do the late genes in HPV code for?

A

Capsid proteins for the virus

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4
Q

What is HPV 18 more associated with?

A

Adenocarcinoma

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5
Q

What are the risk factors for cervical cancer?

A

Multiple sexual partners

smoking

early sexual intercourse

multiple pregnancies

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6
Q

If there is invasion of cervical cancer within 3mm - microinvasion, what is the treatment?

A

Hysterectomy with sparing of lymph nodes

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7
Q

What’s the biggest cause of endometrial adenocarcinoma?

A

Unopposed oestrogen

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8
Q

There are two main types of endometrial adenocarcinomas, what are they and how do they differ?

A

Endometrial Intraepithelial Neoplasia - dereives from hyperplasia - Oestrogen

Sporadic form/ serous carcinoma: P53 mutation. occurs in more elderly

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9
Q

Is simple endometrial hyperplasia associated with increase in cancer risk? what is?

A

No

Atypical type is associated with endometrial cancer - endometrial intraepithelial carcinoma

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10
Q

How is endometrial adenocarcinomas managed?

A

Oestrogen antagonists - mirena

Hysterectomy

Radiation therapy

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11
Q

What is the other type of endometrial cancer which can develop?

A

Endometrial stroma carcinoma

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12
Q

What are the investigations for endometriosis and management?

A

Ultrasound

  • transvaginal
  • transrectal

NSAIDs
progesterone
Oral contraceptive

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13
Q

What is it called when there is endometrial tissue within the muscle of the uterus?

A

Adenomyosis

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14
Q

How are endometrial polyps treated?

A

Hysteroscope

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15
Q

Where do leiomyosarcomas tend to metastasis to?

A

Liver, brain, lungs

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16
Q

What are the symptoms of a hydatidiform molar pregnancy?

A

Odematous villie

Trophoblast proliferation

Large for due date

Increase Beta- hCG

17
Q

What the most common genetic link to serous cystoadenocarcinomas of the ovaries?

A

BRCA1

18
Q

What substances can be seen in granuloma/ theca cell tumours?

A

Cal Exner bodies

- little fluid filled sacs

19
Q

What are the two main types of tumour that develop on the vulva?

A

HPV related - young person. VIN

Non - HPV. usually lichen sclerosis related - old person.

20
Q

What can extra mamillary paget disease of the vulva be hard to differentiate between? and how is it done?

A

Melanoma

evidence of keratin = squamous

S100 = melanoma

21
Q

Whats the symptoms of salpingitis:

A

Pain in pelvis

Fever

Feeling of fullness

22
Q

What are complication of salpingitis?

A

Tubo-ovarian abscesses

Ectopic pregnancy

Infertility

endometriosis
- increases the chance of this occurring in the tubes

23
Q

Whats the most common cancer of the fallopian tubes? and what is it associated with?

A

Papillary serious carcinoma

BRCA1

often involve omentum

24
Q

What are some risk factors of ovarian tumours?

A

Never having children

Family history

Oral contraceptive

25
Q

What are the most common cause of sporadic ovarian cancers?

A

p53
- causes high grade

KRAS - 30%
- most common for mucinous

HER2
- 35%

26
Q

if there is a lack of cystic formation, i.e. they are solid, what are ovarian then called?

A

Adenofibromas

  • usually always benign

AS opposed to (cystadenocarcinoma)

27
Q

What are the two types of serous carcinomas of the ovary? and what are they associated with?

A

Low grade

  • KRAS mutations
  • young women

High grade

  • p53
  • older women
28
Q

If you have bilateral mucinous tumours - what has most likely happened?

A

Metastasis from the G.I

29
Q

What is associated with malignant teratomas of the ovary?

A

Immature cells

30
Q

How do thecoma/ granulosa tumours often present and why?

A

Postmenopausal bleeding

- to the increase in oestrogen again

31
Q

What are the two common types of endometrial cancer

and how are they diagnosed?

A

Adenocarcinoma = hyperplasia related. >50 years old

Serous carcinoma = sporadic related to p53 defect - >70 years old

32
Q

List some common symptoms of ovarian cancer and list the investigations you would do:

A

Pelvis Mass often presents as G.I symptoms

  • bloating
  • discomfort abdominally
  • early satiety
  • sister mary umbilical nodules

Ultrasound
CT scan
Ca125
Cytology - biopsy

33
Q

Some ovarian tumours can present with hirsutism, why is this and what tumour are the most likely to be? and what class of tumours do they belong to?

A

Sertoli- leydig ovarian tumours.

Secrete androgens leading to the hirtuism.

Belong to the:
- sex chord stromal

34
Q

Outline some strategies that can be implemented to improve breast cancer detection to prevent early deaths:

A

Education around breast cancer

IMportance of self checking - with education in how to do so

regular physical examination

Mammograms 50- 70 year olds every 3 years

35
Q

List some risk factors for cervical cancer:

A

Multiple sexual partners

Early Sexual activity

HPV infection

Multiple Pregnancies

Smoking

36
Q

How many breast cancers are picked up by examination?

A

50%

37
Q

Where does the breast expand from vertically?

A

2nd - 7th rib

38
Q

Not having children is a risk factor for breast cancer, what age and over is considered a risk?

A

30 years old

Phase 3 (50 decks)

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