Microbiology 2 Flashcards
Whats the space between the cell wall and outer membrane of gram negative bacteria called?
Periplasm space
Whats a down side to bactericidal antibiotics?
Can release a multitude of toxins
When someone is exposed to Mycobacterium tuberculosis they may not develop a disease - what are the factors the influence whether someone will become infected?
Infectious dose
Exposure
- duration of exposure
- frequency
- proximity of infection
Environment
- poor ventilation
**this is why prisons and homeless shelters are such a risk factor. `
What is essential process for controlling TB spread?
Formation of granulomas with correctly activated macrophages, which is orchestrated by Adaptive immune cells - T cells
**this takes weeks to do
- note that some TB cells remain alive within the granulomas
- this is latent
Outline the natural history of TB, with important cytokines.
Alveolar macrophages is infected
More macrophages are signaled to the area and become infected.
IL-12 stimulated TH1 cells to release IFN-gamma which sufficiently activates the macrophages to kills and create granulomas.
These granulomas are maintained by IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha.
Moves to latent TB
Name some extrapulmonary tuberculosis locations:
Potts disease - spinal disease
Tuberculous lymphadenopathy
Meningitis - especially in infants - at the base of the brain causes obstruction of flow of CFS
Miliary TB - dismentated within the lung and body
Adrenal gland
What investigations should be done in the suspicion of TB, and how is it diagnosed?
Chest x-ray
- consolidation/ cavities
Sputums
- Ziehl Nielsen testing for acid fast bacteria
PPD skin test
- false negative in immunocompromised
- false positive in BCG vaccinated people
HIV test
When diagnosing Gonorrhea, what are the symptoms, and what tests are done?
Purulent disease of mucous membranes
- discoloured discharge
Dysuria
Epididymitis
Male:
- urine sample
+ throat swab
Females:
- swabs of urethral tract
+ Throat swab
NAAT testing
What is the symptoms and treatment for chlamydia?
White watery discharge, with ulceration around the genital regions Untreated leads to: - Pelvic inflammatory disease - Salpingitis - scarring of the tubes - infertility
Azithromycin
or
Doxycycline
Chlamydia trachomatis has 3 major subsets of its disease, one of which is associated with the standard STI. there is another type though, more associated with men who have sex with men, causing severe rectal symptoms.
what is this subtype, and what are the symptoms?
Lymphogranuloma Venereum
- this is a type of chlamydia trachomatis which specifically affects the lymph nodes around the inguinal area.
symptoms:
Prostatitis
ulceration within the rectal cavity
**often mistaken for cancer
Whats the time line of syphilis?
Primary syphilis - chancre
- 3 weeks
Rash
- 8-16 weeks
Latent syphilis
Tertiary syphilis - neurological, cardiovascular, Gumma
- 10-40 years
Whats the vaccination against HPV?
Gardasil
What’s the most commonly transferred viral STIs?
HPV
HSV
Molluscum contagiosum
HIV has three structural genes, what are they?
what one is clinically very important?
Gag - p24
Pol - reverse transcriptase
Env - Gp120
p24 - is used for diagnosis
What kind of rash does HIV usually present with?
Maculopapular rash
