Other Systems - Pathology

Question 1

What does lymph fluid consist of?

Answer 1

Water, protein, fatty acids, and cellular components. Originates as a component of the interstitial fluid

Question 2

where are vessels located

Answer 2

Everywhere except for the brain and spinal cord

Question 3

What is the function of the initial lymph vessels

Answer 3

Collect fluid from the interstitium that is not picked up by the venous system.
Smallest vessel.
Located near blood capillaries.

Question 4

The lymphatic system do?

Answer 4

Transports majority of extra cellular proteins since they are too big to be carried in the Venous system.

• Nodes are contained throughout the lymphatic system in the neck, axilla, chest, abdomen, and groin.
• Lymph nodes collect lymph and filter waste products such as bacteria and viruses. contribute to Immune system defense with B and T cells

Question 5

How much interstitial fluid is collected by the lymphatic system? The venous system?

Answer 5

lymphatic system: 10-20%

venous system 80-90%

Question 6

The path that lymph follows in the lymphatic system

Answer 6

Initial lymph vessels > Lymph collectors > lymph trunks

each vessel type is larger than the last.
Trunks: R lymphatic trunk will collect from R arm and R side of head
Thoracic duct collects lymph from everywhere else
- vessels will empty into subclavian vein into the venous system

Question 7

Two main lymphatic trunks and what do they drain

Answer 7

• Right lymphatic duct :drains right arm and right side of the head.
• Thoracic duct drains the remainder of the body.
• Vessels empty lymph directly into the Venice system via subclavian vein

Question 8

What are other components of the lymphatic system

Answer 8

Thymus, bone marrow, spleen, tonsils, Peyer patches in small intestine. Help create lymphocytes which are important for the immune system

Question 9

What is lymphedema

Answer 9

Accumulation of protein rich fluid that is incurable. Results in edema in the body that accumulates in the face, neck, abdomen,genitalia and trunk

Question 10

Primary lymphedema

Answer 10

-Occurs due to abnormal development that may happen at birth.
- May take several years for symptoms to arise.
-Absence of lymph vessels, decrease in number or size of lymph vessels and/or increased size makes valves in competent.
_ usually seen in females and in lower extremities

Question 11

secondary lymphedema

Answer 11

Occurs secondary to disease or injury that damages lymphatic system.
Breast cancer surgery treatment is the most common cause for secondary lymphedema.

Question 12

What are three types of insufficiencies that can lead to lymphedema

Answer 12

Dynamic insufficiency
Mechanical insufficiency
combined insufficiency

Question 13

Dynamic insufficiency

Answer 13

Dynamic insufficiency - most common type of insufficiency.
Excess lymph circulates and exceeds transport capacity.
-Results in pitting edema.
-Chronic heart failure Venice insufficiency and pregnancy

Question 14

Mechanical insufficiency

Answer 14

Mechanical insufficiency - Transport capacity of system is reduced due to damage of lymph system.
Results in more protein rich lymphedema/ non-pitting edema

Question 15

combined insufficiency

Answer 15

combined insufficiency

Increase of lymph fluid and decrease of transport capacity

Question 16

What happen if lymphedema progresses

Answer 16

• Valves expand and become incompetent and leads to further fluid accumulation.
• When fluid stasis continues proteins degrade and lead to chronic inflammation and eventual fibrotic changes of nearby tissues.
• Fibrosis leads to hypoxia and causes further chronic inflammation and risk for infection

Question 17

What are ways to prevent lymphedema

Answer 17

Avoid skin injury with razors nail clippers, skin moisturizers, puncture such as blood draws on affected limb

• Avoid Constriction by avoiding loose fitting clothing and blood pressure measurements on limb
• Monitor limb while exercising take frequent rest breaks during intense activity
• Avoid hot and cold temperatures leads to fluctuations in lymphedema.
• Wear compression garments during strenuous activity or prolonged periods of time when traveling on airplanes.
• Maintain healthy weight avoid being overweight, diet and exercise

Question 18

phenylketonuria

Answer 18

Intellectual disability, behavioral and cognitive issues due to elevated serum phenlalanine (normally converted to tyrosine)

• Autosomal recessive.
• Most common and Caucasian.
• If left untreated severe intellectual disability will occur adequate prevention will avoid all manifestations of disease.
• After accumulation: gait disturbances, hyperactivity, psychosis, abnormal body odor and lighter skin occur

Question 19

Tay-sacs disease (lysosomal storage disorder)

Answer 19

• Absence/deficiency of hexoaminedase Result in an accumulation of gangliosides in the brain.
• Autosomal recessive
• Carried primarily by Jewish people
• At six months children miss developmental milestones, deteriorate motor and cognitive skills.
• With disease progression significant intellectual disability and paralysis
• death by age of five.

Question 20

Wilson’s disease (hepatolenticular degeneration)

Answer 20

Deficit in the body’s ability to metabolize copper. Copper accumulates overtime in brain liver cornea kidney and tissues

Question 21

What control movement of lymph

Answer 21

• under control by the ANS system to coordinate smoth muscle contraction in vessel walls
• muscle contraction also moves and compresses vessles for fluid movement