Metabolic and Endocrine Systems

Question 1

what is the fxn of the endocrine system ?

Answer 1

• maintain homeostasis
• nervous and endocrine work in combo to regulate metabolism, stress response, sex, BP, water and salt balance
• secreting cells send hormones thro bloodstram to taget cell
• hormones can travel long distances anywhere
• effects are slow and last long

Question 2

what is the difference btwn nervous system and endocrine ?

Answer 2

Endocrine works by sending hormones in blood long distances to every area with specific targets. Nuero works via nuerotranmitters with receptor sites in nearby cells.

nervous effectors are in mus and granular tissue, endocrine effector are all tissues

regulatory effects are rapid and short lived in nervous system, slow and long term in endcrine

Question 3

hypothalamus

Answer 3

• connects to the pituitary gland to regualte the autominc nervous system
• located below the thalamus, a part of the diencephalon,

Question 4

pituitary gland

Answer 4

located under the hypothalamus

• secretes endorphins, regs ovulation and sex hormones
• master gland that will change based on season and emotional stress

Question 5

Thyroid gand

Answer 5

located on lateral and anterior sides of trachea and is shaped by bowtie

• Right / Left lobe joined by isthmus
• produces thyroxine
• triiodothyronine; controls the rate cells burn fuel
• increase in thyroid hormones increases metabolism/ chemical rxns

Question 6

parathyroid gland

Answer 6

4 glands in total on posterior thyroid, 2 per lobe.

• produce parathyroid hormone; antagonist to calcitonin.
• Important for normal Ca and phosphate levels in blood.
• Parathroid hormone increases Ca/ phosphate reabsorption` form blood/bone
• stimulated by hypocalcemia and inhibited by hypocalcemia
• dependant on normal Ca levels: nerumsk excitability, blood clotting, cell membrane permeability

Question 7

Adrenal glands

Answer 7

located on top of each kidney
adrenal cortex produces corticosteriods to regulate salt and water, stress response, immune system, sex development/fxn and metabolism

adrenal medulla produces epinephrine to increase BP and HR with stress increase

Question 8

pancreas

Answer 8

upper left quadrant 
includes endocrine and exocrine tissue 
islets of langerhans produce hormones 
- alpha cells make glucogon 
- beta make insulin

Question 9

ovaries

Answer 9

provide estrogen and progesterone to ref pregnancy and periods

• estrogen from ovarian follicles produce characteristics like breasts and cycles of reproduction
• progesterone secreted by corpus luteum and maintains uterus lining necessary for preg

Question 10

testes

Answer 10

secrete androgens like testosterone to produce sperm

Question 11

steroid hormone

Answer 11

• Also known as prostaglandins.
• Produced by phospholipids in the cell membrane.
• Hormone does not circulating in blood, exerts effects immediately where they are produced.
• Wide variety of effects; information, pain mechanisms, vasodilation, basal constriction, nutrient metabolism and blood clotting

Question 12

amine hormone

Answer 12

• Catecholamines (epinephrine noepinephrine and dopamine)
• Synthesized in adrenal medulla.
• Stimulation of sympathetic nervous system releases hormones in the bloodstream
• The difference stimulates flight or fight response
• Increase heart contraction, blood vessel constriction, increase glycogen breakdown, blocks insulin secretion, increases metabolic rate, lung airway dilation

Question 13

peptide hormone

Answer 13

• Insulin= peptide
• Created by beta cells of pancreas.
• Released with elevated blood glucose.
• Insulin stimulates uptake of glucose.
• Stimulates skeletal muscle and liver to store glucose and increase amino acid transport to liver muscle and adipose.
• Insulin reduces blood glucose levels

Question 14

Which hormones target the pituitary gland and are made by the hypothalamus, and regulated by the CNS and circulating hormone levels?

Answer 14

Growth hormone releasing hormone
Growth hormone inhibiting hormone

Gonadotropin releasing hormone hormone-Increases release of luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone

Thyrotropin releasing hormone Increases release of thyroid stimulating hormone

Corticotropin releasing hormone. - Increases release of adrenocorticotropic hormone

Prolactin releasing hormone.
Prolactin inhibiting inhibitory factor: dopamine

Question 15

Growth hormone

Answer 15

Synthesized in: Pituitary
Target: bone and muscle
fxn: growth and devl. and protein synthesis
regulated by:hypothalamus

Question 16

Follicle stimulating hormone

Answer 16

Synthesized in: Pituitary
Target: ovaries and testes
fxn: follicle devl, makes estrogen in F and spermatogensis in M
regulated by: hypothalamus

Question 17

Luteinizing hormone

Answer 17

Synthesized in: Pituitary
Target: ovaries and testes
fxn: promotes ovulation, and testosterone
regulated by: hypothalamus

Question 18

Thyroid stimulating hormone

Answer 18

Synthesized in: Pituitary
Target: Thyroid
fxn: Synthesized T3 and T4
regulated by:hypothalamus

Question 19

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

Answer 19

Synthesized in: Pituitary
Target: adrenocortex
Fxn: increases cortisol
Regulated by: hypothalamus

Question 20

Prolactin

Answer 20

Synthesized in: Pituitary
Target: mammary glands
fxn: lactation
regulated by:hypothalamus

Question 21

Oxytocin

Answer 21

Synthesized in: Pituitary
Target: uterus and mammary glands
Fxn:increases uterine mus contractions, promotes release of milk
Regulated by: Nerve impulses from hypothalamus, cervix stretch, nipple stimulation

Question 22

Anti-diuretic hormone

Answer 22

Synthesized in: Pituitary
Target: kindneys
fxn: increase water reabsorption, conserve water, increase BP via arterial constriction
regulated by: Decreased water

Question 23

Androgen

Answer 23

Synthesized in: Adrenocortex
Target: ovaries and testes
Fxn: increase males features, pubic hair in M/F
Regulated by: Hypothalamus production and release of GnRH and luteinizing H

Question 24

Aldosterone

Answer 24

Synthesized in: Adrenocortex
Target: kidneys
Fxn: increase Na reabsorption, increase K+ excretion in urine
Regulated by: Low blood sodium level, high potassium level

Question 25

Cortisol (glucocorticoid)

Answer 25

Synthesized in: Adrenocortex Target: GI system Fxn: Metabolism of food molecules, anti-inflammatory effect in large amounts. Regulated by: Adrenocorticotropic hormone

Question 26

Epinephrine

Answer 26

Synthesized in: Adrenal cortex Target: Cardiovascular and metabolic systems Fxn: Increase HR and force of contraction, increase E production, vasodilation in mus Regulated by: Regulated by: Sympathetic impulses from the hypothalamus in stress situations

Question 27

Norepinephrine

Answer 27

Synthesized in: Adrenal cortex Target: Cardiovascular and metabolic systems Fxn: Vasoconstriction of skin, visceral and skeletal muscles Regulated by: Sympathetic impulses from the hypothalamus in stress situations

Question 28

Estrogene, progesterone

Answer 28

Synthesized in: ovaries Target: uterus, mammary glands Fxn: reg F reproductive system and F characteristics Regulated by: hormone levels

Question 29

Glucagon

Answer 29

Synthesized in: pancreas Target: liver Fxn: increase glucose in blood by breaking down glycogen into glucose Regulated by: hypoglycemia

Question 30

insulin

Answer 30

Synthesized in: pancreas Target: all body systems Fxn: decreases blood glucose, increases storage of fat, protein and carbs Regulated by: hyperglycemia

Question 31

parathormone

Answer 31

Synthesized in: parathyroids Target: bone, kidney, intestinal mucosa Fxn: increases blood calcium Regulated by: hypocalcemia

Question 32

testosterone

Answer 32

Synthesized in: testes Target: pituitary gland Fxn: Spermatogenesis development of male sexual characteristics Regulated by: Pituitary release of LH

Question 33

Thyroxine T4 try Triiodothyronine T3

Answer 33

Synthesized in: Thyroid Target: all tissue Fxn: increases cellular level metabolism Regulated by: Thyroid stimulating hormone

Question 34

calcitonin

Answer 34

Synthesized in: Thyroid Target: plasma Fxn: increases Ca storage in bone, decreases blood Ca levels Regulated by: hypercalcemia

Question 35

which energy system provides energy for low intensity and long duration activity ? High intensity short duration?

Answer 35

- aerobic system vua ATP producing mechanisms | - anaerobic system for high intensity short duration

Question 36

What is metabolism

Answer 36

Physical and chemical processes of cells using fuel to produce and use energy. Digestion, illumination of waste, breathing, thermal regulation, muscular contraction, brain function, and circulation.

Question 37

What is the difference between osteopenia and osteoporosis?

Answer 37

Osteopenia: Low bone mass, is not as severe as osteoporosis. May not have not actual bone loss, naturally lower bone density then establish norms. Osteoporosis: impaired osteoclast function. Bone becomes thicken and fragile. Inherited condition. Symptoms vary in severity and symptoms.

Question 38

What diagnostic test can be used to identify osteoporosis and other low bone mass disorders

Answer 38

Bone mineral density (BMD) diagnosis osteoporosis and other low BMD - T score is given for standard deviation's above or below average healthy adult norms. - Z score refers to standard deviation's above or below average age and gender adjusted norm

Question 39

What T-score is given for osteopenia? Osteoporosis?

Answer 39

osteopenia: lower than 1 STD and greater than 2.5 STD Osteoporosis: 2.5 STD. Score at or below 2.5 STD with 1+ related fractures is severe osteoporosis.