Metabolic and Endocrine Systems Flashcards
what is the fxn of the endocrine system ?
- maintain homeostasis
- nervous and endocrine work in combo to regulate metabolism, stress response, sex, BP, water and salt balance
- secreting cells send hormones thro bloodstram to taget cell
- hormones can travel long distances anywhere
- effects are slow and last long
what is the difference btwn nervous system and endocrine ?
Endocrine works by sending hormones in blood long distances to every area with specific targets. Nuero works via nuerotranmitters with receptor sites in nearby cells.
nervous effectors are in mus and granular tissue, endocrine effector are all tissues
regulatory effects are rapid and short lived in nervous system, slow and long term in endcrine
hypothalamus
- connects to the pituitary gland to regualte the autominc nervous system
- located below the thalamus, a part of the diencephalon,
pituitary gland
located under the hypothalamus
- secretes endorphins, regs ovulation and sex hormones
- master gland that will change based on season and emotional stress
Thyroid gand
located on lateral and anterior sides of trachea and is shaped by bowtie
- Right / Left lobe joined by isthmus
- produces thyroxine
- triiodothyronine; controls the rate cells burn fuel
- increase in thyroid hormones increases metabolism/ chemical rxns
parathyroid gland
4 glands in total on posterior thyroid, 2 per lobe.
- produce parathyroid hormone; antagonist to calcitonin.
- Important for normal Ca and phosphate levels in blood.
- Parathroid hormone increases Ca/ phosphate reabsorption` form blood/bone
- stimulated by hypocalcemia and inhibited by hypocalcemia
- dependant on normal Ca levels: nerumsk excitability, blood clotting, cell membrane permeability
Adrenal glands
located on top of each kidney
adrenal cortex produces corticosteriods to regulate salt and water, stress response, immune system, sex development/fxn and metabolism
adrenal medulla produces epinephrine to increase BP and HR with stress increase
pancreas
upper left quadrant includes endocrine and exocrine tissue islets of langerhans produce hormones - alpha cells make glucogon - beta make insulin
ovaries
provide estrogen and progesterone to ref pregnancy and periods
- estrogen from ovarian follicles produce characteristics like breasts and cycles of reproduction
- progesterone secreted by corpus luteum and maintains uterus lining necessary for preg
testes
secrete androgens like testosterone to produce sperm
steroid hormone
- Also known as prostaglandins.
- Produced by phospholipids in the cell membrane.
- Hormone does not circulating in blood, exerts effects immediately where they are produced.
- Wide variety of effects; information, pain mechanisms, vasodilation, basal constriction, nutrient metabolism and blood clotting
amine hormone
- Catecholamines (epinephrine noepinephrine and dopamine)
- Synthesized in adrenal medulla.
- Stimulation of sympathetic nervous system releases hormones in the bloodstream
- The difference stimulates flight or fight response
- Increase heart contraction, blood vessel constriction, increase glycogen breakdown, blocks insulin secretion, increases metabolic rate, lung airway dilation
peptide hormone
- Insulin= peptide
- Created by beta cells of pancreas.
- Released with elevated blood glucose.
- Insulin stimulates uptake of glucose.
- Stimulates skeletal muscle and liver to store glucose and increase amino acid transport to liver muscle and adipose.
- Insulin reduces blood glucose levels
Which hormones target the pituitary gland and are made by the hypothalamus, and regulated by the CNS and circulating hormone levels?
Growth hormone releasing hormone
Growth hormone inhibiting hormone
Gonadotropin releasing hormone hormone-Increases release of luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone
Thyrotropin releasing hormone Increases release of thyroid stimulating hormone
Corticotropin releasing hormone. - Increases release of adrenocorticotropic hormone
Prolactin releasing hormone.
Prolactin inhibiting inhibitory factor: dopamine
Growth hormone
Synthesized in: Pituitary
Target: bone and muscle
fxn: growth and devl. and protein synthesis
regulated by:hypothalamus
