Neuro development

Question 1

What gross and fine motor skills are available at 1 month?

Answer 1

Limited head control; lift head briefly and lift to side, head will lag when pulling to sit

Roll: Partly roll on to side

Reflexive walking and standing

Eyes: can see objects on direct line of sight, follows moving object to midline

can make fist, jerky arm movement, movement is random or purposeful

Question 2

What gross and fine motor skills are available at 2-3 months?

Answer 2

Head control improved; head can be lifted to 90* while in prone chest up in prone, some WB in forearms

Roll: prone > supine

ATNR reflex is strong
legs kick reciprocally in supine

Sit: can keep head up right, but it bobs, needs full support to sit

WB: Poor weight bearing; hips will be in flexion

vision: can see further
can eye track 180* left to right

Grasp: grasp is reflexive, uses palmar grast

Question 3

What gross and fine motor skills are available at 4-5 months?

Answer 3

UE WB: can WB on arms in prone
can pivot in prone to reach toys

Roll: rolls supine to side
plays with feet to mouth

SIt: head can be held upright in a supported seated position. can turn head in sitting, can sit alone for a breif time

WB: can WB in supported standing

Question 4

What gross and fine motor skills are available at 6-7 months?

Answer 4

Roll: can roll supine to prone
UE WB: can be on 1 hand in prone and reach for toy

head control: able to lift head in supine, lifts head when pulled into sitting

sit: gets into sitting position without asst and can sit ind

Mobilty: can crawl backward

improved fine motor control, can release objects on demand, rakes with fingers, arm in neutral while reaching for toy

grasp: radial palmer

Question 5

What gross and fine motor skills are available at 8-9 months?

Answer 5

can get onto hands and knees
does not like to stay in supine
moves from sit to prone
Sit: sits w.o UE support for long periods and pivots

Stand: stands by holding on to furniture and pulling, lowers to sitting from supported stand

Mobility: crawls forwards and cruises (along furniture)

grasp: radial digital

improved fine motor control, better at releasing objects and can point/poke with index. takes things out of container

Question 6

What gross and fine motor skills are available at 10-11 months?

Answer 6

Stand: can stand ind for breif moment, pulls up from half kneel, picks up toys from floor while standing with support

Walk: walks with hands held, creeps on hands and feet like a bear

Grasp: develops pincer grip, out toys in box, can hold crayon

Question 7

What gross and fine motor skills are available at 12-15 months?

Answer 7

Walking: walks without support , fast walking ,side ways walking 
bends over to look under legs 
stairs:  can go up stairs by creeping 
throw ball in sitting 
marks paper with crayon 
builds blocks

Question 8

What gross and fine motor skills are available at 16-24 months?

Answer 8

squats in play
Walking: walks backward
stairs: does stairs with hands held, both feet on step
ball: kicks and throws forward and up,
propel ride on toys
fine motor control can fold paper, make larger cube stacks, draw strighter line strong bead, thumb and finger grip for crayon

Question 9

What gross and fine motor skills are available at 2 years

Answer 9

rides tricycle, 
walking: tip toe
Running: on toes 
stiars: alternates feet 
Ball: catches large ball 
hops on 1 foot
open and close jar 
siccors and puzzles

Question 10

What gross and fine motor skills are available for a preschooler at 3-4 years

Answer 10

Ball: throws 10 ft 
jumps across at most 2 ft 
jumps up 12 in 
runs fast 
draws circles

Question 11

5-8 years

Answer 11

skips
cntrolled kicks
limbs grow faster than trunk
writes well

Question 12

9-12

Answer 12

improved balance, coordination, endurance, attention span

competition increases

early puberty

Question 13

13+

Answer 13

girls and boy become more differnt in size
puberty
greater dexterity

Question 14

What is the asymmetrical tonic neck reflex ATNR

What are possible negative effects if abnormal reflex is present?

Answer 14

Head is turned to one side and the infants arm and leg on the face side are extended.
Arm and leg on the scalp side are flexed, the spine curves with the convexity towards the face

normal age of response:Birth to six months

Abnormal reflex may interfere with: feeding, visual tracking, use of hands at midline, bilateral hand use, rolling, development of crawling, skeletal deformity: scoliosis hip subluxation/dislocation

Question 15

What is the Symmetrical tonic neck reflex STNR reflex?What are possible negative effects if abnormal reflex is present?

Answer 15

When the head is placed in flexion the arms are flexed and the legs are extended. When the head is an extension the arms are in extension and the legs are flexed.
normal age of response: 6 to 8 months

Abnormal reflex may interfere with:
Ability to use arms in prone, practicing hand and knees position, reciprocal, crawling, sitting balance while looking around, use of hands when looking at objects in hands while seated

Question 16

What is the Tonic Labrinth reflex TLR reflex? What are possible negative effects if abnormal reflex is present?

Answer 16

In supine extremities are held an extension.
In prone the body is held in flexion. This occurs in response to the position of the labyrinth in the inner ear and is reflected in her position
normal age of response: Birth to six months

Abnormal reflex may interfere with:
Initiate rolling, ability to prop on elbows in prone, ability to flex trunk and hips to come to sit from supine, causes full body extension which can interfere with balance in sitting or standing

Question 17

What is the Palmer grasp reflex? What are possible negative effects if abnormal reflex is present?

Answer 17

Pressure in the palm of the owner side of the hand will cause finger flexion and strong grip
normal age of response: Birth to four months

Abnormal reflex may interfere with:
Ability to grasp and release objects voluntarily, weight-bearing with open hand to prop, crawl and protect

Question 18

What is the planter grasp reflex? What are possible negative effects if abnormal reflex is present?

Answer 18

Pressure to the base of the toes will cause the toes to flex
normal age of response: 28 weeks of gestation to 9 months

Abnormal reflex may interfere with:
Standing with feet flat on floor, balance and weight shift and standing

Question 19

What is the Rooting reflex? What are possible negative effects if abnormal reflex is present?

Answer 19

Touching on the cheek will result in the infant turning to the same side of the stimulus with an open mouth
normal age of response:28 weeks of gestation to 3 months

Abnormal reflex may interfere with:
Oral motor development, development of midline control of head, optical writing, visual tracking, social interaction

Question 20

What is the moro reflex? What are possible negative effects if abnormal reflex is present?

Answer 20

Head is dropped into extension by few inches, arms will a abduct with fingers open and cross into adduction. Baby will cry
normal age of response:28 weeks of gestation to five months

Abnormal reflex may interfere with: Balanced reaction in sitting, protective response in sitting, hand I coordination, visual tracking

Question 21

What is the Startle reflex? What are possible negative effects if abnormal reflex is present?

Answer 21

a loud or sudden noise will create similar response to the moro reflex but the elbows will remain flexed and hands closed
normal age of response: 28 weeks of gestation to 5 months

Abnormal reflex may interfere with:
Sitting balance, protective response in sitting, and coordination and visual tracking, social interaction and attention

Question 22

What is the Positive support reflex?What are possible negative effects if abnormal reflex is present?

Answer 22

The babies placed on the balls of their feet when upright the response should be stiffening of legs and trunk into extension
normal age of response:35 weeks of gestation to two months

Abnormal reflex may interfere with:
Standing and walking balance reactions, weight shifting in standing, can lead to contractures of the ankles in plantar flexion

Question 23

What is the walking/stepping reflex ?What are possible negative effects if abnormal reflex is present?

Answer 23

The babies put in a supported upright position with feet on floor they should respond with reciprocal flexion and extension of the legs
normal age of response: 38 weeks of gestation to two months

Abnormal reflex may interfere with:
Standing and walking balance reactions, weight shifting in standing, Element of smooth/coordinated reciprocal movement of lower extremity

Question 24

What is the Galant reflex ?

Answer 24

Stroking the spine from shoulder to hip should produce lateral flexion of the trunk to the side of the stimulus
normal age of response:30 weeks of gestation to two months

Abnormal reflex may interfere with:
Element of sitting balance, can lead to scoliosis

Question 25

What reflexes are present up to the first six months

Answer 25

ATNR

-tonic Labrinth reflex

Question 26

What reflexes are present up to the first 2, 4 and the first 8 months

Answer 26

2- galant, Walking/stepping reflex, positive support reflex
4 - palmar
8- STNR (6-8 months)

Question 27

Will the planter or Palmer grasp reflex integrate first

Answer 27

Palmer response is present from birth to 4 months

• plantar grasp reflex is present from 28 weeks of gestation to 9 months
• The Palmer reflex will integrate first

Question 28

What reflexes are present up to 5 months

Answer 28

moro reflex

startle reflex

Question 29

When will the rooting reflex integrate

Answer 29

3 months