Cardiovascular pathology Flashcards
Aneurysm
-Localized dilation of blood vessel- usually artery
-Common sites: thoracic and abdominal aorta
– etiology Congenital defect; weak wall of vessel due to hypertension or connected tissue disease such as Marfan syndrome, trauma, infection
-Signs and symptoms – very by sight. Aortic aneurysm’s are asymptomatic, lower back pain. Abdominal aortic pusesl. cerebral aneurysm causes sudden and severe headache, nausea and vomiting, stiff neck, seizure, LOC, double vision,
-Treatment-HTN medication, surgery to repair large aneurysm and replacing aneurysm with graft. Surgical clipping an endovascular coiling for ruptured brain aneurysm
Angina pectoris
Sensation of pressure/discomfort from myocardial ishemia
Etiology - adequate blood flow/oxygen of heart muscle due to CAD
Signs and symptoms-usually described as pressure, happiness, fullness, squeezing, burning or achying sternum. Can be felt in my neck back draw shoulders and arms. Difficulty breathing and/V sweating anxiety. Triggered by exertion or strong emotion subside with rest
TX:
Supplemental oxygen, nitroglycerin rest.
Chronic/recurrent will be treated with long acting nitrates, beta blockers,, and calcium blocker’s. Medication is not affected coronary artery bypass or stenting of coronary arteries will occur
Types of angina pectoris
Stable angina. - Occurs at predictable level of exertion exercise stress response to rest and nitroglycerin
Unstable angina - More intense, lasts longer, precipitated by less exertion, spontaneous at rest, progressive
Variant Angela ( Prinzmetal) -associated with coronary artery spasm associated with CAD
Arthrosclerosis
Slow progressive accumulation of fatty plaques and arteries. Overtime can restrict blood flow and cause blood clot
Etiology:
Damage to artery wall secondary to HTN high cholesterol smoking or diabetes. Overtime buildup,leads to hardening and narrowing of artery impaired blood flow
S/S: coronary arteries: Angina
cerebral arteries: numbness, weakness of arms/legs, trouble talking slurred speech, drooping of face muscles. Peripheral artery’s: intermittent claudication
TX: Lifestyle modification: healthy diet exercise stress management smoking cessation sensation.
Medications: anti-hypertensive anti-platelet antilipidemic surgical procedures: angioplasty, endarterectomy, bypass surgery
Cardiomyopathy
Group of conditions that affect myocardium. Comparability for contraction and relaxation. Dilated hypertrophic restrictive types exist
Etiology – CAD valvular heart disease
s/s - None during early stages. Breathlessness with exertion or rest, leg swelling, abdomen bloating secondary fluid buildup, fatigue, irregular heartbeat, dizziness, lightheaded and fainting occur later
What are the three different types of cardio myopathy
Dilated cardiomyopathy.
Ace inhibitors, beta blockers, digoxin, direetics.
Bi-ventricular pacemaker, implanted defibrillator when at risk for serious arrhythmia
Hypertrophic cardio myopathy.
Medication to slow heart rate and stabilize rhythm. Lopressor, calcium channel blocker’s. Surgical intervention: septal myectomy (Removal of thickened interventricular septum) septal alcohol abalation (Destruction of intervention regular septum by alcohol injection) pacemaker, defib implant
Restrictive cardiomyopathy
Meds improve symptoms. Diuretics Anti-hypertensive anti-arrhythmic’s. Heart transplant or ventricular assist device in severe cases
Chronic venous insufficiency
Veins/ valves in the LE are damaged, cannot keep blood flowing to the heart causing veins to remain filled with blood
etiology -week or damage valves, risk factors are age female obesity pregnancy prolong sitting or standing
