Other fetal cardiac disease

Question 1

What are the types of ventricular septal defects and where are they located?

Answer 1

Question 2

Where on ultrasound can you find the different types of ventricular septal defects?

Answer 2

Question 3

What does complete and balanced AVSD look like on ultrasound?

Answer 3

• Single AV Valve
• Large VSD/ASD
• Equal size RV/LV in balanced type

Question 4

Criteria and findings for Ebstein’s anomaly:

Answer 4

Question 5

Describe the ultrasound findings seen in Ebstein’s anomaly:

Answer 5

This image shows: Apical displacement of TV

Question 6

Criteria and findings for HLHS:

Answer 6

Question 7

Describe the ultrasound features of hypoplastic left heart syndrome:

Answer 7

This picture shows lack of flow in through the mitral valve

Question 8

What does reverse flow across the aortic isthmus seen in HLHS look like on ultrasound?

Answer 8

Question 9

Describe ultrasound findings in Ebstein’s Anomaly:

Answer 9

This image shows Holosystolic regurg at the apex of right ventricle

Question 10

Criteria and findings for coarctation of aorta:

Answer 10

Question 11

Narrow aortic arch on sagittal view of color doppler in coarctation of aorta

Answer 11

Question 12

Reverse flow across the aortic isthmus on 3VTV in coarctation of aorta

Answer 12

Question 13

Tricuspid regurgitation in coarctation of aorta:

Answer 13

Question 14

Definition of atresia

Answer 14

congenital absence or closure of a normal body orifice or tubular organ.

Question 15

Definition of stenosis:

Answer 15

narrowing or stricture of a duct or a canal

Question 16

Definition of hypoplasia:

Answer 16

is the incomplete development or underdevelopment of an organ or tissue

Question 18

Norwood procedure for HLHS

Answer 18

the aorta is constructed from the base of the pulmonary artery

Question 19

HLHS animated:

Answer 19

Question 20

Features of left isomerism (heterotaxy)

Answer 20

• Polysplenia
• Left atrium x 2 (morphology is a tubular structure with narrow neck, unlike the right atrium which is triangular in nature)
• Absent sinus node or hypoplastic sinus node
• IVC interruption at the level of hepatic branching and continuation with the azygous vein to the superior vena cava
• Bilateral SVC
• Ipsilateral pulmonary vein (the right and left PV connect to the right and left atrium)
• One large atrium (no atrial septum seen in 60%)
• Dextrocardia
• Complete heart block

CRYPTIC and ZIC3 gene mutations

Question 21

What is the approach to diagnosing a cardiac defect?

Answer 21