Osteology Flashcards
fissure
a narrow cleft-like opening between adjacent parts of bones through which blood vessels or nerves pass
depression and openings
sites allowing passage of soft tissue (nerves, blood, vessels, ligaments, tendons) or formation of joints
fontanel
a space between skull bones at birth, filled with dense fibrous connective tissue
foramen
an opening through which blood vessels nerves or ligaments pass
fossa
a depression in or on a bone
suclus
a groove that accommodates a soft structure such as blood vessel, nerve or tendon
meatus
a tube like passage within a bone
processes
projections or outgrowth on bone that form joints or attachment points for connective tissue
condyle
a large rounded articular prominence
facet
a smooth flat surface
head
a rounded articular projection supported on the constricted portion (neck) of a bone
crest
a prominent border or ridge
epicondyle
a prominence above the condyle
linea
a less prominent ridge than a crest
spinous process
a sharp slender process
trochanter
a very large projection found only on the femur
tubercle
a small rounded process
tuberosity
a large rounded usually roughened process
axial skeleton
consists of bones that lie around the longitudinal axis
face (skull)
14 bones
cranuium (skull)
8 bones
hyoid (axial)
1 bone
auditory ossicles (axial)
6 bones
-ears (hammer, anvil, stapes)
verterbral column (axial)
26 bones
sternum (throax) (axial)
1 bone
ribs (thorax) (axial)
24 bones
appendicular skeleton
contains the bones of the upper and lower limbs, plus the bones responsible for connecting the limbs to the axial skeleton
upper limbs (appendicular)
humerus - 2 bones ulna - 2 bones radius - 2 bones carpals - 16 bones metacarpals - 10 bones phalanges - 28 bones
pelvic girdle (appendicular)
hip, pelvic, and coxal bone - 2 bones
lower limb (appendicular)
femur - 2 bones fibula - 2 bones tibia - 2 bones patella - 2 bones tarsals - 14 bones metatarsals - 10 bones phalanges - 28 bones
intramembraneous ossification process
bones form directly within mesenchym arranged in sheet like layers that resemble membranes
center of ossification
specific chemical messages cause mesenchymal cells in fibrous connective tissue membranes to cluster and differentiate
osteoblasts
secretes the organic matrix of bone until they are completely surrounded by it
make bone
calcification
the secretion of matrix stops
cells are now called osteocytes
formation of trabeculae
the bone matrix develops into trabeculae that fuse with one another
spongy bone
endochondral ossification
development of cartilage - the process of the replacement of cartilage by bone
perichondrium
develops around the cartilage model
interstitial growth
growth from within - the cartilage model grows in length by continual cell division
appositional growth
growth from the outer surfaces
periosteal capillaries
grow into the disintegrating calcified cartilage (periosteal bud)
cappilaries
induce growth of a primary ossification center
developement of the medullary cavity
as the ossification center enlarges toward the end of the bone, osteoclasts break down the newly formed trabeculae
spongy bone
consists of lamellae arranged in an irregular latticework of thin plates of bone
the microscopic spaces are filled with red bone marrow
hipbones, ribs, breastbone, backbones, skull, and ends of some long bone are the only site of red bone marrow storage in adults
compact bone
forms the external layer of all bones
provides protection and support
made up of a concentric ring structure
blood vessels, nerves, lymphatic vessels penetrate compact bone through perforating canals
adult compact bone tissue is the only connective tissue that has a basic structural unit associated with it
