Endocrine System

Question 1

gland

Answer 1

specialized epithelial cell or cells that secrete a substance

Question 2

exocrine glands

Answer 2

secrete their products into the body cavities in the lumen of an orang or the outer surface of the body

Question 3

endocrine

Answer 3

secrete hormones directly into the interstitial fluid surrounding the gland - not in ducts

Question 4

hormone

Answer 4

chemical produced in the body, secreted by the endocrine glands
is the mediator molecule that is released in one part of the body but regulates the activity of cells in other parts of the body

Question 5

metabolism

Answer 5

refers to all chemical reactions occurring in the body
chemical reactions involve the making and breaking of bonds between atoms
necessary for body function to occur and body structures to be built

Question 6

hypothalamus

Answer 6

“master” of the endocrine glands
skull - inferior to the thalamus
link between nervous and endocrine system
regulates all aspects of growth, development, metabolism, and homeostasis

Question 7

hypothalamus function

Answer 7

produces oxytocin (OT) and antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
sends it to posterior pituitary for storage and released when needed
hormones control the anterior pituitary gland activity via releasing hormones

Question 8

pituitary gland

Answer 8

was commonly referred to as the “master” gland
secretes several hormones that control other endocrine glands
located at the base of the cerebrum

Question 9

two lobes (pituitary)

Answer 9

posterior (neurohypophusis) - two hormones synthesized by the hypothalamus
anterior - 7 hormones

Question 10

posterior pituitary lobe

Answer 10

stores and releases 2 hormones that affect the body directly oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone

Question 11

oxytocin

Answer 11

uterine contractions, mammary glands

Question 12

antidiuretic hormone

Answer 12

controls urine output, raises blood pressure

Question 13

anterior pituitary lobe

Answer 13

secretes seven hormones that regulate a wide range of bodily activities from growth to reporduction

Question 14

human growth hormone (hGH)

Answer 14

hormone secreted by somatotrophin that stimulates body growth

Question 15

prolactin (PRL)

Answer 15

initiates and maintains secretion of milk

Question 16

melanocyte stimulating (MSH)

Answer 16

increase skin pigmentation in amphibians by stimulating the depression of melanin granules in melanocytes

Question 17

gonad activity (FSH/LH)

Answer 17

secretes hormons that influence gonads in both male and female to secrete estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone

Question 18

adrenalcortocotropic hormone (ACTH)

Answer 18

act on adrenal glands; various body functions blood pressure, glucose level, immune response, androgens

Question 19

thyroid (TSH)

Answer 19

secretes hormones that stimulates the thyroid gland; metabolism rate

Question 20

pineal gland

Answer 20

small pine cone shaped - attaches to the roof of the 3rd ventricle of the brain at the midline
secretes melatonin in response to visual input
biological clock, sleepiness

Question 21

thyroid gland

Answer 21

butterfly shaped, highly vascular
located neck region inferior to the larynx (voice box)
releases hormones T3 (triiodothyronine) and T4 (tetra…)

Question 22

calcitonin (CT) - thyroid

Answer 22

inhibits osteoclasts (bone breakdown cells) resulting in lowering blood calcium 
not regulated by ant pituitary - secretion is regulated by high blood CA

Question 23

positive feedback

Answer 23

response enhances or intensifies the stimulus for example control labor contractions
mission accomplished

Question 24

negative feedback

Answer 24

hormone secretion by glands controlled by the hypothalamus

when hormone level is too high

Question 25

parathyroid glands

Answer 25

posterior, medial surface of the lateral lobes of the thyroid usually one superior and one inferior (round/ovoid) release parathyroid hormone regulates the level of calcium, magnesium, and phosphate ions that are circulating in our blood

Question 26

parathyroid function

Answer 26

chief cells - more numerous and produce parathyroid hormone (PTH) oxyphil cell - function unknown

Question 27

thymus gland

Answer 27

located - medistinum promotes a maturation of T-cells (a type of white blood cell that destroys microbes and foreign substances) made of lymphatic tissue and functions as part of the lymphatic system may retard the aging process

Question 28

gonads - ovaries

Answer 28

located - pelvic cavity regulate oocyte development, secrete hormones (estrogen and progesterone - at puberty promote secondary sex characteristics; enlargement of breast and the widening of hips)

Question 29

gonads - testes

Answer 29

located - outside the abdominal cavity within the scrotum regulates sperm production and testosterone (at puberty promotes secondary sex characteristics) and androgen stimulates the descent of the testes

Question 30

adrenal

Answer 30

located - superior poles of the kidneys | cortex and medulla

Question 31

cortex function

Answer 31

secretes the hormones androgen, minerlocrticoids, and glucocrtic

Question 32

zona glomerulosa

Answer 32

outer most layer secretes aldosterone (helps adjust BP and blood volume)

Question 33

zona fasciculata

Answer 33

middle (widest) layer that is produces cortisol (reduces swelling by inhibiting immune reponses and raises blood glucose level

Question 34

zona reticularis

Answer 34

deepest layer of the cortex that produce small amount of androgens (in both sexes, promotes axilla and pubic hair growth)

Question 35

medulla function

Answer 35

secretes hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine (fight or flight)

Question 36

pancreas

Answer 36

flattened organ consists of head body and tail serves as both an endocrine and exocrine gland lies transversely in the abdomen between the kidneys and the duodenum of the small intestine (in the curve of the duodenum)

Question 37

pancreas function (endocrine)

Answer 37

4 types of islets of langerhans cells alpha, beta, delta, F cells

Question 38

alpha cells

Answer 38

17% secrete glucagon - hormone acts on liver to convert glycogen to glucose

Question 39

beta cells

Answer 39

70% - secrete insulin - hormone acs on various cells of the body to accelerate glucose diffuse into cells also to accelerate conversion of glucose into glycogen

Question 40

delta cells

Answer 40

7% secrete somatostatin - identical to growth hormone inhibiting hormons secreted by the hypothalamus

Question 41

f cells

Answer 41

remainder of the cells - secrete pancreatic polypeptide