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Biology 101 > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

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1
Q

gland

A

specialized epithelial cell or cells that secrete a substance

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2
Q

exocrine glands

A

secrete their products into the body cavities in the lumen of an orang or the outer surface of the body

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3
Q

endocrine

A

secrete hormones directly into the interstitial fluid surrounding the gland - not in ducts

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4
Q

hormone

A

chemical produced in the body, secreted by the endocrine glands
is the mediator molecule that is released in one part of the body but regulates the activity of cells in other parts of the body

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5
Q

metabolism

A

refers to all chemical reactions occurring in the body
chemical reactions involve the making and breaking of bonds between atoms
necessary for body function to occur and body structures to be built

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6
Q

hypothalamus

A

“master” of the endocrine glands
skull - inferior to the thalamus
link between nervous and endocrine system
regulates all aspects of growth, development, metabolism, and homeostasis

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7
Q

hypothalamus function

A

produces oxytocin (OT) and antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
sends it to posterior pituitary for storage and released when needed
hormones control the anterior pituitary gland activity via releasing hormones

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8
Q

pituitary gland

A

was commonly referred to as the “master” gland
secretes several hormones that control other endocrine glands
located at the base of the cerebrum

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9
Q

two lobes (pituitary)

A

posterior (neurohypophusis) - two hormones synthesized by the hypothalamus
anterior - 7 hormones

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10
Q

posterior pituitary lobe

A

stores and releases 2 hormones that affect the body directly oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone

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11
Q

oxytocin

A

uterine contractions, mammary glands

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12
Q

antidiuretic hormone

A

controls urine output, raises blood pressure

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13
Q

anterior pituitary lobe

A

secretes seven hormones that regulate a wide range of bodily activities from growth to reporduction

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14
Q

human growth hormone (hGH)

A

hormone secreted by somatotrophin that stimulates body growth

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15
Q

prolactin (PRL)

A

initiates and maintains secretion of milk

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16
Q

melanocyte stimulating (MSH)

A

increase skin pigmentation in amphibians by stimulating the depression of melanin granules in melanocytes

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17
Q

gonad activity (FSH/LH)

A

secretes hormons that influence gonads in both male and female to secrete estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone

18
Q

adrenalcortocotropic hormone (ACTH)

A

act on adrenal glands; various body functions blood pressure, glucose level, immune response, androgens

19
Q

thyroid (TSH)

A

secretes hormones that stimulates the thyroid gland; metabolism rate

20
Q

pineal gland

A

small pine cone shaped - attaches to the roof of the 3rd ventricle of the brain at the midline
secretes melatonin in response to visual input
biological clock, sleepiness

21
Q

thyroid gland

A

butterfly shaped, highly vascular
located neck region inferior to the larynx (voice box)
releases hormones T3 (triiodothyronine) and T4 (tetra…)

22
Q

calcitonin (CT) - thyroid

A 
inhibits osteoclasts (bone breakdown cells) resulting in lowering blood calcium 
not regulated by ant pituitary - secretion is regulated by high blood CA
23
Q

positive feedback

A

response enhances or intensifies the stimulus for example control labor contractions
mission accomplished

24
Q

negative feedback

A

hormone secretion by glands controlled by the hypothalamus

when hormone level is too high

25
Q

parathyroid glands

A

posterior, medial surface of the lateral lobes of the thyroid usually one superior and one inferior (round/ovoid)
release parathyroid hormone
regulates the level of calcium, magnesium, and phosphate ions that are circulating in our blood

26
Q

parathyroid function

A

chief cells - more numerous and produce parathyroid hormone (PTH)
oxyphil cell - function unknown

27
Q

thymus gland

A

located - medistinum
promotes a maturation of T-cells (a type of white blood cell that destroys microbes and foreign substances)
made of lymphatic tissue and functions as part of the lymphatic system
may retard the aging process

28
Q

gonads - ovaries

A

located - pelvic cavity
regulate oocyte development, secrete hormones (estrogen and progesterone - at puberty promote secondary sex characteristics; enlargement of breast and the widening of hips)

29
Q

gonads - testes

A

located - outside the abdominal cavity within the scrotum
regulates sperm production and testosterone (at puberty promotes secondary sex characteristics) and androgen
stimulates the descent of the testes

30
Q

adrenal

A

located - superior poles of the kidneys

cortex and medulla

31
Q

cortex function

A

secretes the hormones androgen, minerlocrticoids, and glucocrtic

32
Q

zona glomerulosa

A

outer most layer secretes aldosterone (helps adjust BP and blood volume)

33
Q

zona fasciculata

A

middle (widest) layer that is produces cortisol (reduces swelling by inhibiting immune reponses and raises blood glucose level

34
Q

zona reticularis

A

deepest layer of the cortex that produce small amount of androgens (in both sexes, promotes axilla and pubic hair growth)

35
Q

medulla function

A

secretes hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine (fight or flight)

36
Q

pancreas

A

flattened organ consists of head body and tail serves as both an endocrine and exocrine gland
lies transversely in the abdomen between the kidneys and the duodenum of the small intestine (in the curve of the duodenum)

37
Q

pancreas function (endocrine)

A

4 types of islets of langerhans cells alpha, beta, delta, F cells

38
Q

alpha cells

A

17% secrete glucagon - hormone acts on liver to convert glycogen to glucose

39
Q

beta cells

A

70% - secrete insulin - hormone acs on various cells of the body to accelerate glucose diffuse into cells
also to accelerate conversion of glucose into glycogen

40
Q

delta cells

A

7% secrete somatostatin - identical to growth hormone inhibiting hormons secreted by the hypothalamus

41
Q

f cells

A

remainder of the cells - secrete pancreatic polypeptide

Biology 101 (23 decks)

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