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Biology 101 > Gastrointestinal System (Functions) > Flashcards

Gastrointestinal System (Functions) Flashcards

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1
Q

Digestion

A

breaking down of larger food particles into molecules small enough to enter the body cells

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2
Q

ingestion

A

taking foods and liquids into the mouth

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3
Q

secretion

A

water, acid, buffers and enzymes secreted into the lumen

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4
Q

lumen

A

interior space

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5
Q

mixing and propulsion

A

alternating contractions and relaxations of smooth muscle mixes food

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6
Q

mechanical digestion

A

chewing/grinding food (mastication)
churning of food in the stomach and small intestine
consists of various movements that aid in chemical digestion; food must be pulverized by teeth

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7
Q

chemical digestion

A

enzymes break down food into smaller molecules
series of catbolic reactions that break down the large carbohydrate, lipd, and protein molecules that we eat, into smaller molecules usable by body cells

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8
Q

absorption

A

entrance of ingesed materials into epithelial cells that line the lumen of the GI tract

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9
Q

defecation

A

waste leaves the body; feces

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10
Q

teeth

A

cut, tear, and pulverize food

reduce to smaller particles for swallowing

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11
Q

extrinsic muscle (tongue)

A

move tongue from side to side and in and out

food (bolus) maneuvered for mastication and swallowing

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12
Q

intrinsic muscle (tongue)

A

alter shape of the tongue

swallowing and speech

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13
Q

taste buds

A

receptors for food stimulus

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14
Q

glands

A

secrete lingual lipase

breaks down triglycerides into fatty acids

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15
Q

major salivary glands (parotid, submandiable, sublingual

A

secrete saliva in the lining of the mouth and pharynx
softens moistens and dissolves food
cleanses mouth and teeth
saliva amylase splits polysaccharides into smaller particles

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16
Q

pharynx

A

pharngeal stage of swallowing (deglutition)
moves bolus from oropharynx to laryngopharynx and into the esophagus
closes air passage ways

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17
Q

esophagus

A

esophageal stage of swallowing: forces bolus down the esophagus
relaxation of upper and lower esophageal sphincter: permits entry of bolus from laryngopharynx into esophagus and eventually into the stomach
secretion of mucus lubricates esophagus for smooth passage of bolus

18
Q

stomach

A

the primary digestive organ

19
Q

mucosa

A

chief cells: secretes pepsinongen (breaks peptide bonds in protein
secretes gastric lipase (splits short chain triglycerides into fatty acids and monoglycerides

20
Q

parietal cells

A

secretes hydrochloric acid (kills microbes in food, modifies the molecular structure of protein, inhibits secretion of gastrin)
secretes intrinsic factor (needed for absorption of vitamin B12

21
Q

muscosa surface cells

A

secretes mucous (forms a protective barrier that prevents digestion of the stomach wall)

22
Q

enteroendocrine cells

A

secretes gastrine (stimulates paretal cells to secrete HCL and chief cells to secrete pepsinogen, contracts lower esphageal sphincter, increase motility of the stomach, relaxes pyloric sphincter)

23
Q

muscularis

A 
mixing waves (masecerate food and mix with gastric juices to form chyme) 
peristalisis (froces chyme through pyloric sphincter)
24
Q

pyloric sphincter

A

opens to permit passage of chyme to duodenum

25
Q

pancreas

A

secondary organ aiding chemical digestion in the small intestine

26
Q

pancreatic juice

A

buffers acidic gastric juices into chyme
stops the action of pepsin from the stomach
creates the proper pH balance for action of digestive enzymes in the small intestine

27
Q

liver

A

heaviest gland in the body

second organ aiding in chemical digestion

28
Q

liver (functions)

A 
carbohydrate metabolism - maintains normal blood glucose level 
lipid metabolism 
protein metabolism 
removal of drugs and hormones 
exretion of bilirubin 
strorage of some vitamins and minerals 
avtivation of vitamin D
29
Q

gallbladder

A

secondary organ aiding chemical digestion

store and concentrate bile

30
Q

small intestine

A

major site of digestion and absorption

31
Q

intestinal glands

A

secrete intestinal juices

32
Q

duodeneal gland

A

secrete alkaline fluid to buffer stomach acids and mucous for protection and lubrication

33
Q

microvilli

A

microscopic membrane covered projections of epithelial cells
increase surface are for absorption and digestion

34
Q

villi

A

finger-like projections
sites for digestion of food
increase the surface area for digestion and absorption

35
Q

circular folds

A

folds of the mucosa and submucosa that increase surface area for absorption and digestion

36
Q

muscularis segmentation

A

alternationg contractions of circular fibers that produce segmentation/resegmentation of the small intestine
mixes chyme with digestive juices

37
Q

chyme

A

semifluid mixture of parly digestive food and digestive secretions found in the stomach and small instestine during digestion of a meal

38
Q

peristalsis

A

mild waves of contractions and relaxation of circular and longitudinal muscles
moves chyme foward through the samll intestine and towards the ileocecal sphincter

39
Q

mucosa (large intestine)

A

secretes muscus to lubricate colon and protec mucosa
absorbs water and other soluble compounds to maintain water balance
solidifies feces
absorbs vitamins and some ions

40
Q

lumen (large intestine)

A

bacterial activiy helps break down undigestied carbohydrates, proteins and amino acids into products that can be expelled in feces or absorbed
synthesizes certain B vitamins and vitamin K

41
Q

muscularis (large intestine)

A

moves contents from the haustra to hasutra (pouch) by musular contraction
moves contents along length of the colon by contractions of cucular and longitudinal muscles
mass peristalsis forces contents into the sigmoid colon and rectum
defecation reflex eliminates feces by contractions in sigmoid colon and rectum

Biology 101 (23 decks)

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