Ortho

Question 1

Order of ossification in elbow

Answer 1

CRITOL
C - capitulum
R - radial head epiphysis
I - internal epicondyle
T - trochlea
O - olecranon
L - lateral epicondyle

Question 2

Plane joints

Answer 2

sliding or gliding movements across surface of one another eg. ACJ

Question 3

Hinge

Answer 3

uniaxial that passes transversely through the joint - elbow

Question 4

Pivot joint

Answer 4

uniaxial that passes longitudinally along shaft of bone, permit rotation eg. atlanto-axial joint

Question 5

Bicondylar joint

Answer 5

movement mostly in one axis with limited roation around second axis, formed by two convex condyles that articulate with concave or flat surface eg. knee joint

Question 6

Condylar (ellipsoid joint)

Answer 6

movement around two axes that are right angles to each other eg. flexion/extension + adduction/abduction. eg wrist joint

Question 7

Saddle joints -

Answer 7

movement around two axes that are right angles to each other, allows flexion, extension, abduction, adduction and circumduction eg. CPC joint of thumb

Question 8

Ball and socket

Answer 8

movement around multiple axes - flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, circumduction and rotation eg hip joint

Question 9

Fibrous joints

Answer 9

Sutures, gomphoses and syndesmoses

Question 10

Sutures

Answer 10

Only in skull

Question 11

Gomphoses

Answer 11

Between teeth and adjacent bone

Question 12

Syndesmoses

Answer 12

two adjacent bones linked by ligament - eg ligamentum flavum and interosseous membrane

Question 13

Cartilaginous joints

Answer 13

Synchondroses and symphyses

Question 14

Synchondroses

Answer 14

Two ossification centers separated by layer of cartilage eg. growth plate between head and shaft of developing long bones. These joints allow bone growth and eventually becomes completely ossified

Question 15

Symphysis

Answer 15

two bones connected by cartilage eg. pubic symphysis between two pelvic bones and intervertebral discs between vertebrae

Question 16

Cervical vertebrae

Answer 16

Has foramen in transverse process called foramen transversarium. Body is squared shape, concave superior surface and convex inferior surface.
Bifid spinous process.
Triangular vertebral foramen,

Question 17

thoracic vertebrae

Answer 17

Two demifacets. Superior > inferior
Superior demifacet - articulate with head of own rib.
Inferior demifacet - articulate with head of rib below.
Vertebral body is heart-shaped.
Verterbral foramen is circular.

Question 18

Lumbar vertebrae

Answer 18

LV vertebrae has massive and cone-shaped transverse process for attachment of iliolumbar ligaments to pelvic bones.
Vertebral body is cylindrical.
Vertebral foramen is triangular in shape.

Question 19

Sacrum

Answer 19

Concave anterior surface. Convex posterior surface.

Question 20

Zygapophysial joints
Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar

Answer 20

Cervical - sloping from anterior to posterior allowing flexion and extension
Thoracic - vertical limiting flexion and extension allowing for rotation
Lumbar - Wrapped around limiting movement

Question 21

Ligamenta flava

Answer 21

Passes between lamina of each vertebrae, forms posterior wall of vertebral canal.

Question 22

Supraspinous ligament

Answer 22

From CVII to sacrum. Connects spinous process posteriorly

Question 23

Ligamentum nuchae

Answer 23

Base of triangle attached to skull, from external occipital protuberance to the foramen magnum.
Apex attached to tip of spinous process of CVII.
Supports the head and resists flexion and assists returning head to extension.

Question 24

Interspinous ligament

Answer 24

Passes between adjacent spinous process, connects to supraspinous ligament posteriorly, ligamentum flavum anteriorly.

Question 25

Commonest site for pas interarticularis fractures

Answer 25

L4 and L5 levels.