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AMK > Ortho > Flashcards

Ortho Flashcards

1
Q

colles fracture

A

outstretched hand

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2
Q

smith fracture

A

back of flexed/inward hand

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3
Q

sign of a scaphoid fracture

A

(outstretched hand)
pain on palpation of the anatomical snuffbox

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4
Q

intra-articular two part fracture of the first metacarpal

A

bennett fracture

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5
Q

intra-articular comminuted fracture of the first metacarpal

A

rolando fracture

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6
Q

pain/swelling over the 4/5th metacarpal

A

suspect Boxer’s fracture

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7
Q

shoulder dislocation
humeral head is anterior, medial to normal position
loss of rounded shoulders

A

anterior dislocation (most common)

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8
Q

Phalen’s test

A

flexing the wrist and holding it like that
if positive: parasthesia in median nerve
used to test for Carpal tunnel syndrome

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9
Q

Tinels test

A

lightly tapping median nerve to elicit parasthesia
used to test for Carpal tunnel syndrome

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10
Q

progressive shoulder pain AND stiffness
reduced movement especially external rotation

A

frozen shoulder
adhesive capsulitis

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11
Q

pain on overhead activities
if drop arm test is + =
if - =

A

+ = rotator cuff tear
- = rotator cuff tendonitis

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12
Q

warm painful lump on thigh
systemic symptoms
adolescent male

A

Ewings sarcoma

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13
Q

imaging on ewings sarcoma

A

onion peel periosteal reaction

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14
Q

warm painful swollen knee
adolescent

A

osteosarcoma

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15
Q

imaging on osteosarcoma

A

sunburst appearance periosteal reaction

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16
Q

imaging on chondrosarcoma

A

fluffy popcorn calcification

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17
Q

osteoporosis Px, Ix, Mx

A

osteopenic disorder causing fragility fractures
DEXA score < -2.5
lifestyle changes, bisphosphonates

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18
Q

bisphosphonates MOA

A

inhibits an enzyme that allows osteoclasts to attach to the bone

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19
Q

osteopenia score on DEXA scan

A

-1 - -2.5

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20
Q

osteomalacia, bone profile results

A

vitamin d / phosphate deficiency

low calcium, low phosphate.
raised ALP, raised PTH

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21
Q

osteomalacia vs rickets

A

similar bone profile results
Rickets is a bone development disorder affecting children

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22
Q

Rickets px

A

frontal bossing
thickened wrists
bowed legs
delayed growth

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23
Q

deformity of bones, weakening
normal bone profile except isolated raised ALP
what is this???

A

Paget’s disease

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24
Q

Osteogenesis imperfecta PX

A

weak, brittle bones
blue sclera
hearing loss

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25
Q

proximal vs distal biceps tendon rupture

A

proximal = painless, retains function, manage conservatively
distal = painful, no function, surgery required

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26
Q

12 year old boy, limp, pain in the thigh. leg is held externally rotated
obese, hypothyroidism
minor trauma 2 months ago

A

Slipped upper femoral epiphysis

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27
Q

Ix and Mx of SUFE

A

X ray
Mx: surgery to correct femoral head position

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28
Q

3 common osteoporotic fractures

A

vertebral wedge fracture
Colles (wrist) fracture
neck of femur (hip) fracture

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29
Q

risk factors for osteoporosis

A

SHATTERED FAMILY

steroid use
hyperthyroidism
alcohol
low testosterone
thin
erosive bone disorder
renal failure
early menopause
diet
family history

30
Q

male adolescent, sporty, unilateral anterior knee pain. have to stop and rest frequently. chronic.
what and Mx ????

A

Osgood-Schlatter disease
Mx: analgesia, modify activites

31
Q

elbow pain, works as a carpenter (repetitive movements)
relieved by rest
+ve Cozens test

A

lateral epicondylitis

32
Q

classic triad of fat embolus

A

confusion
hypoxemia
petechial rash

33
Q

posterior hip dislocation Px
what nerve is injuried and effect

A

internally rotated
slightly flexed and adducted

sciatic nerve injury
reduced sensation in foot, posterior leg
weakness in foot dorsiflexion

34
Q

anterior hip dislocation Px
what nerve is damaged and effect

A

externally rotated
slightly flexed, abducted

femoral nerve injury
impaired knee extensor function, sensory loss over femoral area

35
Q

femur fracture Px

A

shortened leg, externally rotated

36
Q

central retinal vein occlusion fundoscopy

A

stormy sunset (retinal hyperaemia & haemorrhages)

37
Q

central retinal artery occlusion fundoscopy

A

pale retina with a cherry red spot

38
Q

Px of carpal tunnel syndrome

A

numbness, tingling, pain in hand during night

39
Q

Lateral epicondylitis Px

A

Pain upon resisted wrist extension
Pain upon passive wrist flexion
Point tenderness of the lateral epicondyle
Pain on outer part of elbow

40
Q

fall on outstretched hand
radial fracture
dislocation of the radio-ulnar joint

A

galaezzi fracture-dislocation

41
Q

child’s displaced supracondylar fracture of humerus MX?

A

reduction under anaesthesia
pin fixation
apply a. collar and cuff while arm is flexed

42
Q

what level of vertebral fracture is associated with osteoporosis

A

below T4

43
Q

what muscles are involved in shoulder abduction at what degrees

A

0-15: supraspinatus (rotator cuff)
15-90: deltoid
90-180: trapezius + serrates anterior (pulls scapula up)

44
Q

decision to perform X ray on ankle is based on….

A

Ottawa ankle rules
- inability to weight bear
-point tenderness at posterior edge of lateral/medial malleolus

45
Q

red flags for back pain

A

thoracic pain
new onset pain in <20 or >55
progressive neurological deficit
bladder or bowel dysfunction

46
Q

supracondylar fractures cause damage to what nerve
what is the effect

A

median nerve
loss of sensation to palmar aspect of 1st and 2nd fingers (can’t make a fist - hand of benediction)
weakened wrist flexion

47
Q

mid humerus shaft fractures cause damage to what nerve
what is the effect

A

radial nerve
wrist drop
poor extension of forearm

48
Q

medial humeral epicondyle injury causes damage to what nerve
what is the effect

A

ulnar nerve injury
loss of sensation to fifth finger

49
Q

what vertebral level is spine of scapula

A

t3

50
Q

what vertebral level is superior aspect of iliac crest

A

l4

51
Q

dupuytrens contracture

A

caused by tendon thickenings
fingers will curl into hands
Risk factors: alcohol, smoking, hand trauma

52
Q

McMurray test

A

patient lays flat on bed, knee bent
proximal hand holds the knee
distal hand extends it, internally and then externally rotates it

test for meniscal tears

53
Q

imaging modality for suspected meniscal tears

A

MRI

54
Q

potts disease Px and Mx

A

spinal tuberculosis
most common extra pulmonary manifestation of TB
Px: back pain, issues with mobility, no bladder/bowel -> this stems from the increased load on the vertebral column

Mx: TB drugs + spinal immobilisation

55
Q

What is osgood schlatter disease

A

knee pain in athletically immature child
traction of the patellar tendon at the tibial tubercle (happens during growth spurt)

56
Q

skiiers/gamekeepers thumb
Px

A

tear of the ulnar collateral ligament
occurs on forceful abduction of the thumb

weak pincer grip

57
Q

de quervains tenosynovitis

A

idiopathic inflammation of the extensor pollicus brevis and the abductor pollicus longus

58
Q

how to do posterior drawer test
+ indicates ?

A

palpate the joint line with the patient lying supine and knee flexed at 90degrees
push the tibia back posteriorly in an explosive movement
+ test = PCL tear

59
Q

management of slipped capital femoral epiphysis

A

in situ screw fixation

60
Q

rickets bone profile results

A

low vit D
low Ca
Low PO
high ALP
high PTH

61
Q

osteoporosis bone profile results

A

normal all

62
Q

malignant hypercalcemia bone profile results

A

high Ca
low PO
high ALP
high PTH

63
Q

hyperparathyroidism bone profile results

A

high Ca
low PO
high PTH
high ALP

64
Q

pagets disease bone profile results

A

normal Ca
normal PO
high ALP
normal PTH

65
Q

how does spinal cord injury present initially

A

flaccid limb paralysis below the level of the lesion + autonomic features (bradycardia, hypotension)

this wears off

then presents with upper motor signs: hyperreflexia, spasciticty

66
Q

reactive arthritis
px and causes

A

urethritis, arthritis, conjunctivitis

causes: chlamydia, salmonella, shigella, campylobacter

67
Q

autonomic dysreflexia

cause, assoc, px

A

occurs in spinal cord lesions above t6
it is caused by a reaction below the spinal lesion e.g. UTI, full bladder, changing catheter

Px: bradycardia, or tachy, severe hypertension, sweating, flushinh

68
Q

in what joints do bunions appear

A

metatarsophalangeal

69
Q

3 types of ankle fractures and how to manage

A

Weber A: fracture of fibula below the level of the syndesmosis

Weber B: fracture at the level of the syndesmosis

Weber C: fracture above the syndesmosis

Weber C can also px with diastasis of fibula and talus displacement

Mx: Weber A = below knee cast

Weber B + C = ORIF, plates + screws

70
Q

mx of hip dislocation

A

reduced under GA within 4 hrs

71
Q

fat embolism px

A

fever
resp : hypoxia,
neurological: confusion
petechial rash

AMK (29 decks)

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